CORONA Main Coronavirus thread

Trivium Pursuit

Has No Life - Lives on TB
Check out CH's thread on staying safe and fit at home- lots of simple things to be done, even in small spaces. Gotta give the body a way to burn off the stress, as well as to protect from the slower paced lifestyle...
CH? Sorry come I'm gonna need a bit more reference. Agreed about relieving stress, but I thought that's what dark beer was for.
 

Trivium Pursuit

Has No Life - Lives on TB

When It's Over, Will We Be The Same America?

Fri, 04/03/2020 - 16:45

Authored by Patrick Buchanan via Buchanan.org,

And as it is with men, so it is with nations.

Monday, Dr. Deborah Birx, White House coronavirus response coordinator, projected some 100,000 to 200,000 U.S. deaths from the pandemic, “if we do things almost perfectly.” She agreed with Dr. Anthony Fauci’s estimate that, if we do “nothing,” the American dead could reach 2.2 million.

That 2 million figure would be twice as many dead as have perished in all our wars from the American Revolution to the Civil War, World War I and II, and Korea and Vietnam.

This does indeed concentrate the mind wonderfully.

Now add to this slaughter of our countrymen a market plunge steeper than the 1929 Crash and a 1930s-style Depression. Wall Street analysts are talking of a wipeout of 30% of our GDP and unemployment reaching 35%.

What a difference a month can make.

On March 3, Super Tuesday, we were caught up in the 14 primary contests after Joe Biden’s stunning victory in South Carolina, which broke the momentum of Sen. Bernie Sanders’ wins in Iowa, New Hampshire and Nevada.

What March 2020 produced and what it appears to portend is a sea change in U.S. history, an inflection point, an event after which things never return to what they were.

The coronavirus crisis seems to be one of those epochal events that alter the character of the country and the course of the republic.


Consider what has happened in three weeks.

The Republican Party, the party of small government and balanced budgets, approved with but a single dissent a $2 trillion emergency bill. There is talk now of a second $2 trillion bill, this one for infrastructure.

In a single month then, a Republican Senate and president grew the federal budget by 50% and are looking to double that.

For years, Democrats raised alarms about Trump’s poaching of the powers of the other branches. Now Democrats are demanding to know why Trump has not shut down the economy by presidential decree and not used his latent dictatorial powers to order U.S. companies to produce what the nation’s hospitals demand.

Democrats who long accused Trump of xenophobia and racism for seeking to close the borders to migrants entering the country illegally are now silent as Trump closes America to the world.

First Amendment free press champions are calling for Trump’s White House briefings not to be carried on TV because the president is spouting propaganda and lies. The problem: The people are watching and approving of what the media think the people ought not see.

If people in a crisis will jettison lifelong beliefs like this readily, how enduring will their professed belief in democracy itself prove?

The president thinks this will be a V-shaped recession, that once the economy hits bottom and turns up, it will soar, as in 1946 when pent-up demand from World War II was unleashed and America began to churn out cars and consumer good as rapidly as it had weapons of war.

Perhaps. But put me down as a skeptic.

You can’t go home again.

The shattering events of March, followed by what is coming in April and May, will have lasting impacts on the hearts and minds of this generation.
That once-insatiable appetite for Chinese-made goods at the mall — will it really return? Will Americans, after having “socially distanced” for months from family and friends, be reassured of their safety and pack into restaurants in July?

Observing the carrier Theodore Roosevelt in Guam offloading scores of sailors infected with coronavirus, will Americans be up for a clash with a China that is even today asserting its claims to the South China Sea?

Will Americans who survive this crisis care whether Iranian-backed Shiites dominate Iraq or Saudi-backed Sunni prevail in Yemen?


If March shocked this nation as severely as 9/11, what is coming may be even more sobering.

Are millions of unemployed workers without the cash to pay for or to find medicine and groceries likely to stay indoors for weeks or months?

All those criminals being given early release from virus-infested jails and prisons without the means to provide for themselves and their families, how will they react to weeks of mandatory sheltering in place?

Will MS-13 and its thousands of members, and its rival gangs that live off narcotics sales, comply?

Americans have done well in staying home in March. Will they do so through April, May and perhaps June? Or will the system gradually break down just as the second wave of the virus in the fall appears?


In times of crisis in America, there is a tradition of self-sacrifice.
But there have also almost always been not a few whose mindset is that of the Fort Lauderdale spring-breakers.
Why not send in the Marines and seal a teams to eradicate MS13, bloods and crips from Southern California for good? They could be thought of as a national security threat as they sometimes get access to heavy weapons.
 

Trivium Pursuit

Has No Life - Lives on TB
Hospitals STILL preventing their doctors and nurses from wearing masks, even if they bring their own:


Doctors Say Hospitals Are Stopping Them From Wearing Masks

April 2, 2020
Leila Fadel at NPR headquarters in Washington, D.C., September 27, 2018. (photo by Allison Shelley)
LEILA FADEL


gettyimages-1213259115-b652a75da2ff3fe2ecfa8f44abb83416bdbd4094-s1300-c85.jpg


Some doctors say they are being told they can't use their own personal protective equipment, such as gloves and masks.

Neilly Buckalew is a traveling doctor who fills in at hospitals when there's need. So in the midst of this pandemic, she feels particularly vulnerable to contracting the coronavirus — not just in hospitals but in hotels and on her travels.

When she got an assignment last week at Saint Alphonsus Regional Rehabilitation Hospital in Boise, Idaho, she packed her own personal protective equipment and drove to town. She disinfected her hotel room and stayed away from other guests, but worried about the coughing person in the room next door. So she donned her own fitted N95 mask that she uses for work.

"I wanted to protect myself," she said. "I wanted to protect my patients."

Can The U.S. Crowdsource Its Way Out Of A Mask Shortage? No, But It Still Helps

Can The U.S. Crowdsource Its Way Out Of A Mask Shortage? No, But It Still Helps

That first day at work, Buckalew said, she was told to take off her mask.

When she asked hospital administrators why, the reasons kept changing. First, Buckalew said she was told it was against hospital policy for health care workers to bring their own gear. Then, she said, administrators told her if she wore her own N95 mask, others would want to wear the masks as well and the hospital didn't have enough. Finally, Buckalew said, it was that CDC guidelines don't require the mask at all times.

"I said if I can't wear it, then we have a problem," she said.
Refusing to take off her mask, she said, got her terminated. Then, she said, after complaining she was reinstated and then terminated again — all within three days.

"I'm raising a huge big stink because it's wrong. It's unsafe. We'll never flatten the curve if hospital systems keep acting this way," she said, adding that she's speaking now because she's already lost her assignment and wanted to speak on behalf of those who can't. "A lot of people can't speak out because they're afraid, or they know that they'll be fired."

The rehabilitation hospital is a joint venture by the Saint Alphonsus Regional Medical Center and Encompass Health. A spokesman at the medical center referred NPR to Encompass Health. Repeated calls to Encompass Health for comment were not returned. Buckalew said she filed a formal complaint with the Occupational Safety and Health Administration.

Buckalew's account lays bare tensions between some hospital systems and health care workers on the front lines of this disease. Many doctors, nurses and other hospital workers say they don't feel protected and are afraid in the midst of a shortage of masks and other protective gear. Some are bringing their own supplies, donated by friends and family or purchased at hardware stores. Meanwhile, some hospitals are instituting strict policies that bar medical workers from bringing their own personal protective equipment, or PPE, to work, or limiting how much protection a person can wear because of a shortage in supplies.

Leaders at the American Academy of Emergency Medicine says they have heard accounts like Buckalew's from health care workers across the country.

"We're hearing a lot of people saying that 'I'm not getting adequate PPE at my job, so I was able to buy PPE and I'm using what I buy,'" said Dr. Lisa Moreno, the president-elect of AAEM.
But when they wear it to work, she says, doctors have told her, "'I'm being yelled at. I'm being told to take it off. I'm being told that I'm scaring patients and that I'm scaring other people.' We've had people who had their jobs threatened."

Moreno said about two dozen people have formally complained to her organization. She said they've also received hundreds of calls from health care workers who are afraid to lose their jobs if they complain, but also feel that hospitals aren't letting them do what they need to do to protect themselves against an infectious and new virus. A virus that causes a disease that has killed dozens of health care workers in Italy and already taken the lives of at least two health care workers at the epicenter of the spread in the New York City metro area.

"It seems that the hospital administrations are reacting to the fact that they are failing to provide adequate PPE for their staff," Moreno said. "And when one individual provides adequate PPE, it seems to highlight that fact to the other staff who haven't been able to purchase it."

These types of masks are very hard to come by. A quick search at Home Depot shows pretty much every type of protective mask is out of stock. And everyone from federal and local officials to hospital administrators are struggling to get their hands on as much personal protective equipment as they can in the midst of this pandemic.

So Moreno says it's vital that health care workers are allowed to do what they feel they need to, to feel safe. Because if they get infected, not only could they get very ill or give it to patients, but there would be fewer skilled health care workers to treat sick patients.

She said she's also received complaints that hospital administrators are telling health care workers how much personal protective gear they can wear at work and when. Some doctors and nurses who want to wear their N95 masks at all times are being told no, she said, adding that one doctor told her that he needs to be extra-careful because his son has cancer.
Then there are cases like Henry Nikicicz in El Paso, Texas. He's an anesthesiologist, so he does intubations on patients. He's 60, has asthma and is particularly vulnerable to upper respiratory infections.

Two weeks ago, he was intubating a patient for respiratory distress on his overnight shift at the University Medical Center of El Paso. He walked into the hallway and saw people gathered in a group, so he slipped on his hospital-issued N95 mask.

Should We All Be Wearing Masks In Public? Health Experts Revisit The Question

Should We All Be Wearing Masks In Public? Health Experts Revisit The Question

The next day, a hospital supervisor told him he wasn't allowed to wear the N95 mask when he wasn't in the operating room or treating a patient with an infectious disease, because they are costly and in short supply. Nikicicz was also told he was scaring the patients. The supervisor texted him that he could get a "regular mask" if he felt he needed one.

When Nikicicz responded that he is susceptible to upper respiratory infections, the supervisor's texts appeared to get more aggressive. He referred to the coronavirus as the "Wuhan virus," a term that many say is not only inaccurate, but also stokes xenophobia. He texted in all capital letters that Nikicicz was the only one in the entire hospital wearing an N95 mask and that he would not be able to get one when the "real virus" comes in. Nikicicz texted back: "The real virus is here already."

Nikicicz is an independent contractor who works with the placement company Somnia Anesthesia. He said he got a call from the company asking for his side of the story. He was told hospital administrators had complained. After that, Nikicicz said he was told not to go into work on Monday.

"I protect myself and protect the environment in case I am infected. In a situation like this, when we have social distancing, wearing a mask is one of the basic ways of stopping the spread of the virus," Nikicicz said. "And I really feel that injustice was done to me because of the fact that the right thing to do is to wear a mask. To punish me for wearing a mask is something that I really feel is wrong."
The University Medical Center of El Paso said in a statement that Nikicicz was removed from the schedule by Somnia Anesthesia for "insubordination."

"The anesthesiologist was told on numerous occasions by his supervisor to not wear the N95 surgical mask while not in the Operating Room area or while not treating patients with infectious disease," the statement said. "UMC is not unlike other hospitals in its efforts to conserve N95 surgical masks, especially when it comes to wearing them when not in the surgical/OR area. At the time of these incidents, the CDC did not require masks (and certainly not N95 masks) to be used by hospital staff when not treating patients or while in surgical/OR areas. Beyond this, we view this as a personnel matter between Somnia Anesthesia and its contracted anesthesiologist. "

Hours after NPR reached out to the hospital, Nikicicz was put back on the schedule.
Marc Koch, president and CEO of Somnia Anesthesia, said that Nikicicz was not removed for insubordination. Koch said he was briefly taken off rotation because elective surgeries are canceled and hundreds of contract workers are being laid off.

"To be frank, I was trying to reach out to him to try to get him to come back. At no point was he terminated," Koch said. "He didn't listen to his chief, yes he was not listening. But what we were trying to do was see our way through that and help him and reconcile that issue."

Koch said protecting doctors has been his number one goal, even securing N95 masks to supply to hospitals that couldn't find any.
"The clinicians want to be safe. They want to meet or exceed the CDC guidelines," Koch said. "And the hospitals fear a run on supplies and [causing] patient anxiety.""
To my mind this is abuse by hospital administrators. They don't like it because it makes them look as bad as they actually are. There should be prosecution for this kind of behavior. Aren't there niosh and osha rules against placing people in unsafe working conditions? How is this not that?
 

Trivium Pursuit

Has No Life - Lives on TB
My daughters hospital WAS SAYING THE SAME THING, that masks scared patients and she was forbidden to wear them,
BUT that rule was CHANGED by the Joint Commission (and AMA SUPPORTED IT) about 2 days ago and ALL HOSPITALS WERE SENT A MEMO to allow any kind of mask by anyone!
They were to allow ALL HOSPITAL STAFF to wear ANY KIND of mask they could lay their hands on and wear them any time, anywhere they wanted to!!
Fantastic! If JCAHO whispers, hospital staff Often jumps. I've seen this in action. This may finally fix this!
 

Trivium Pursuit

Has No Life - Lives on TB
There seems to be a rift growing on the board as to the reality or not on the virus. It's real folks, this is not a Sandy Hook conspiracy case.

There are a few things to remember here. Our politician are basically idiots when it comes to science, that's understandable because scientific minds are not drawn to politics.

This Virus is the Lion of the Roman Colosseum, pray that you are not randomly picked by nature, fate or God. We must not judge our fellow man in their reaction to an unwinnable scenario.

Criticism of a politician handling this current situation is like criticism of a man dying in the Roman Colosseum fighting the Lion. There just really isn't a good way to die.

God has given us a brain and an immune system, let us use them to our best ability to get through this. Remember, if this goes well we get a chance to change idiots this November.
Want to not only 2nd what naegling has said here, but take it to another level. Some on this board l, I think, need to understand the following. Just because the deep state clearly wants to take advantage of this to make a more progressive and one world system out of what's left, just because it may actually have been created and released for this purpose, does not mean that it is not real and not a threat potentially to your ife and health.

Take it seriously, regardless of the environment is in. And regardless of the utter clueless Nas of many public health officials, ignorant government leaders and idiotic hospital adminstrators.
 

Trivium Pursuit

Has No Life - Lives on TB
Louisiana passes 12,000 confirmed coronavirus cases
From CNN’s Ashley Killough and Ed Lavandera in New Orleans

A temporary hospital set up in the Ernest N. Morial Convention Center as overflow for local hospitals in New Orleans is seen on April 4.

A temporary hospital set up in the Ernest N. Morial Convention Center as overflow for local hospitals in New Orleans is seen on April 4.
Gerald Herbert/AP


There are at least 12,496 total cases of coronavirus reported in the state of Louisiana, according to the Louisiana Department of Health.

At least 1,726 people in Louisiana are hospitalized; of those, 571 are on ventilators, according to new state health figures released on Saturday.

That’s a slight increase from Friday when the state reported 1,707 patients were hospitalized and 535 of those were on ventilators.

The state has reported 39 new deaths, for a total of 409 in the state.

There are 12,496 reported cases in the state. That is up from 10,297 cases on Friday.

That’s a 21% increase in cases reported from Friday.

===
.
Perhaps some day there will be a mardi gras Clade.
 

bev

Has No Life - Lives on TB

Doomer Doug

TB Fanatic
Yes, they are. And yes, they deserve a monument. But I would prefer the money to be 1st spent getting them adequate PPE equipment.
We will need another monument noting the arrogance, ignorance and stupidity of our ruling classes who have made this pandemic much worse than it should if been. I think a crater where Beijing used to be would be another monument.:crtmn:
 

Trivium Pursuit

Has No Life - Lives on TB
We will need another monument noting the arrogance, ignorance and stupidity of our ruling classes who have made this pandemic much worse than it should if been. I think a crater where Beijing used to be would be another monument.:crtmn:
Not so much Beijing, but the that island where the Party leadership is hiding out. For encouragement of the others, as the French say. And the Mother of All Fuel Air Explosives, to burn the Wuhan Level4 Lab to the ground. Permanently

The purpose of a monument is to teach a lesson. The obliteration of the Wuhan lab would serve as a lesson to others: 3rd World countries trying to play 1st World games, it never, ever ends well.
 
Last edited:

library lady

Veteran Member
In the state of Massachusetts, the latest figures:

There are 1,334 new cases for a total of 11,736.
There are 24 new deaths reported for a total of 216.
There were 5,838 new tests conducted for a total of 68,800.
 
Last edited:

CaryC

Has No Life - Lives on TB
In the state of Massachusetts, the latest figures:

There are 1,334 new cases for a total of 11,736.
There are 24 new deaths reported for a total of 216.
There were 5,838 new tests conducted for a total of 68,800.

I heard somewhere, read, saw, dreamed.....that some 800 medical staff have been hospitalized in Mass. Very, very sad.
 

Binkerthebear

Veteran Member
The flood gates are open. They are going to spend 10 trillion or more before this is over with...

Start thinking QUADRILLION … (a thousand trillion)
And all this is printed money - right out of thin air - makes bitcoin look safe in comparison to our $. Makes gold look an essential need for survival.
 

mzkitty

I give up.
Does it always have to be a ******?

:dvl2:

1586034936334.png

CPD is monitoring social media after video of large gathering circulates online
"Where is the outrage?"

Posted: 3:01 PM, Apr 04, 2020

Updated: 2020-04-04 16:55

CINCINNATI — Cincinnati Police Department is monitoring social media to prevent large gatherings after videos of dozens gathered in Over-the-Rhine circulated online.

Footage of a large gathering in the area of East Liberty and Walnut has surfaced on Facebook and Youtube. The footage depicts over a dozen cars with some people standing on top of vehicles, some yelling “f*** the coronavirus.”

Cincinnati Police Lieutenant Steve Saunders said CPD is aware of the videos and that officers did respond to the gathering on Friday night but there were no arrests.

“We are exploring various options for addressing this incident as well as possible future incidents of this nature, to include fines and physical arrest if necessary. We will enforce the laws and orders which prohibits social gatherings,” Saunders said in a press release. “We are making every effort to investigate this gathering, as well as the person who created the video that blatantly disregards Ohio Governor Mike DeWine's Stay-At-Home order due to the COVID-19 pandemic.”

Hamilton County Prosecutor Joe Deters said he and CPD Chief Eliot Isaac and Sheriff Jim Neil are all in agreement that there will be no tolerance for the behavior displayed in the video. He said police will be seeking to arrest and book those involved.
"It is selfish behavior beyond belief to violate a Governor's order and we're going to deal with it," Deters said.

Saunders said no arrests were made or citations given out when police dispersed the gathering.

Saunders told WCPO, "It is a violation of the law and our request for the community to do their part to discourage these gatherings. We need everyone's cooperation to combat this disease, and gatherings like this are harmful to everyone. Where is the outrage from the community members rather than the focus on what police can do about the people creating a social condition that is untenable?"

WCPO will continue to update this story.

 

OldArcher

Has No Life - Lives on TB

OldArcher

Has No Life - Lives on TB
I heard 11 trillion. That's on top of 23 trillion that we already have. Can we even service that debt with other mandatory payouts? I fear we are close to insolvency.

ETA:
What about MBS (mortgage-backed securities). People can't pay their mortgages. Renters cant pay their high rise apartment complex (which is also mortgaged). When these blow up, banks fail.

IF we're lucky, welcome to the year 1753, before the French and Indian War... If we're REAL lucky, maybe 1850... Nah, we won't be that lucky... Probably more like the DARK AGES....

Are you ready for those possibilities? Subsistance living, at best? Or, Mad Max, and then nothing but ashes and innumberable corpses littering the landscape?

Whatever the future holds, baring a major miracle or divine intervention, it's not going to be as bright and rosy as we'd always been led to believe...

Gear-up, pack very, very heavy, walk light, don't take shit from anyone, and get as close to God as you can...

Fair Winds and Following Seas,

OA
 

OldArcher

Has No Life - Lives on TB
Not so much Beijing, but the that island where the Party leadership is hiding out. For encouragement of the others, as the French say. And the Mother of All Fuel Air Explosives, to burn the Wuhan Level4 Lab to the ground. Permanently

The purpose of a monument is to teach a lesson. The obliteration of the Wuhan lab would serve as a lesson to others: 3rd World countries trying to play 1st World games, it never, ever ends well.

Ground penetrating nuke for Wuhan, and several MOABs as well as ground penetrating nukes, for each communist party leadership location. Naturally, all nuke sites, subs, bomber bases, as well... If that doesn't work- use your imagination X 100.

OA
 

marsh

On TB every waking moment
View: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rG7KHglCI9Q
56:15 min
Economic Shockwaves: How the Coronavirus is Impacting our Future
•Mar 31, 2020


Peak Prosperity
Coronavirus-induced shockwaves are rippling through the world economy, causing tremendous damage that we are only just beginning to measure.

Strangled global supply chains have caused supply shortages. A massive drop in demand has resulted from millions of customers forced to stay home under mandatory lockdown. Now come the job losses. 60% of companies have reported hiring freezes, while over 13% have already begun laying workers off. Of course, the layoff rate will accelerate rapidly as Q1 earnings (or more accurately, Q1 "horrific losses") start being reported later this month. The small/medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) like your local restaurant, dry cleaner, bookstore and building contractor are being hit especially hard, as they don't have the reserves to withstand the many weeks of no income the lockdown is placing them under. Many of them have already laid off their employees. Many may never reopen. The jaw-dropping severity of this job carnage can already be seen in last week's unemployment numbers. Claims spiked up to 3.3 million -- nearly 6x higher(!) than the worst week of the Great Financial Crisis. So what impact will this all have? What will the rest of 2020 be like? It's certain that we're heading into recession. How deep and long with it be? Will the announced stimulus efforts help? Can we get things back to the way they were, or are we entering a "new normal"? If the latter, what will that look like? To address these questions, I recorded the following interview today with two of Peak Prosperity's favorite macro experts, John Rubino and Charles Hugh Smith. Both are in agreement that the current breakdown represents "the end of the road" for the 75-year Debt Supercycle we've been living through. And because of that, the future is going to look and feel very different to what we've been used to. After the recording ended, John and Charles expressed interest in coming back on soon to delve further into the question of: What comes next?

What specific policies, monetary systems, business models, etc will be better suited for the future we're swiftly transitioning into? If that's a discussion you'd indeed like to see happen, let us know in the Comments section below, along with any other particular questions you're interested in hearing addressed.
 

Doomer Doug

TB Fanatic
IF we're lucky, welcome to the year 1753, before the French and Indian War... If we're REAL lucky, maybe 1850... Nah, we won't be that lucky... Probably more like the DARK AGES....

Are you ready for those possibilities? Subsistance living, at best? Or, Mad Max, and then nothing but ashes and innumberable corpses littering the landscape?

Whatever the future holds, baring a major miracle or divine intervention, it's not going to be as bright and rosy as we'd always been led to believe...

Gear-up, pack very, very heavy, walk light, don't take shit from anyone, and get as close to God as you can...

Fair Winds and Following Seas,

OA
Mr. Mossberg is ready my favorite knuckle head:D
 

Doomer Doug

TB Fanatic
Folks,

I’ve been on here long enough, and lurked many years before becoming fortunate enough to become a member, to know deep down that the majority of you, I’d say 99.9%, are good and kind gentle people.

I read postings from folks requesting prayers and there’s an avalanche of deeply sincere giving without hesitation. People request help in whatever form, directions to this or that place, suggestions on how to do this or that and everyone who is nearby on this site will dog-pile with help, ideas, or whatever is needed to fulfill the need.

What you have here is unique. It only works because everyone here contributes something, no matter how small or insignificant it may seem. It’s what is going to be needed in the meat world when this viral tsunami crests and retreats back to the hell from which it came.

Unlike a tornado which leaves a wake of destruction in its path in mere moments this Chinese virus may take weeks or months to finally subside enough for folks to come out and start rebuilding their lives.

What’s going to be necessary for all of us to make it work and be successful is exactly what goes on here daily. Thanks...
Three things are now in motion with china's virus.
One is it will become endemic and mutate often.
Two is it will start to go after younger people as it becomes more endemic.
Three is the economic and political impacts could very well be more lethal than the virus itself. For example I wonder how many people have died on NYC the last three days who could have been saved otherwise, like heart attacks etc.
 

marsh

On TB every waking moment
View: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SROFGvkXUc0
5:21 min
COVID-19: China county under partial lockdown amid fears of asymptomatic transmission
•Apr 2, 2020

CNA
A county in China’s Henan province is under lockdown after 3 local doctors tested positive for COVID-19 yet showed no symptoms, sparking fears of asymptomatic transmission within the community. CNA’s Olivia Siong on what is being done to prevent wider spread there.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kNjdcqMaJMI
 
Top