4. Conclusion
Equations are derived that describe the space–time behaviour of our universe from its origin at t = 0 to the present. In early cosmic time, the universe was small and photons circled it rapidly and randomly, as did BAO, maintaining a thermodynamic equilibrium, negating the need for “inflation”, and possibly the need for “dark matter”. A third postulate, “dark energy”, is also negated because the supernovae stellar dimming is readily explained by cosmic dust. (Dark matter and dark energy are so far undetectable, even though they are purported to make up 95% of the universe energy content.)
The concept and the equations are simple and show excellent agreement with BAO Hubble parameter data. The agreement is such that there is no need to seek corrections in either the data or the model. We also have good agreement with the large NED-D data set of which we used 27 000 records of luminosity distance and redshift. When the model is modified to include photon quenching by cosmic dust, the agreement with the core data are excellent. All stellar variables have been described as analytical functions of redshift alone. The simplicity and accuracy of the models suggest that the universe is well behaved, finite, unbounded, and in a steady expansion. Even signals from the most remote stars, receding at superluminal speeds, can be received and interpreted.
Occam, Newton, Leibniz, and others concluded that of two reasonable explanations, the one requiring the fewest assumptions is most likely to be correct. This principle favours dimming by cosmic dust over dimming by expansion acceleration.
The universe is closed, with positive curvature, but will continue to expand forever because the universe mass has no effect on the growth of space.
This cosmology structure gives a lucid description of the universe topology, growth, stellar recession, and photon pathways not from stars “far out in an infinite universe”, but from stars “deep within a finite universe”.
