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These Charts Show Every Genetically Modified Food People Already Eat in the U.S.
Dave Johnson @davejohndc Siobhan O’Connor @siobhannyc
April 30, 2015
See all the GMOs you may already be eating
Chipotle announced Monday that the chain will no longer serve food containing genetically modified organisms (GMO), raising the bar for transparency in the United States, where there’s no requirement to indicate the presence of GMO ingredients on food labels or in restaurants. Likewise, biotechnology companies aren’t required to report which genetically modified seeds are used in production.
Yet the use of GMOs is undoubtedly widespread. Since GMOs were approved for commercial use, and then first planted into U.S. soil in 1996, their production has increased dramatically. More than 90% of all soybean cotton and corn acreage in the U.S. is used to grow genetically engineered crops. Other popular and approved food crops include sugar beets, alfalfa, canola, papaya and summer squash. More recently, apples that don’t brown and bruise-free potatoes were also approved by the FDA.
Adoption of GMO Crops in the US, 1996-2014
1996199820002002200420062008201020122014% Farmland per Crop0102030405060708090100Bt corn80Bt cotton84Ht cotton91Ht soybeans94Ht corn89
Ht: Herbicide-tolerant Bt: Insect-resistant
Source: USDA Economic Research Service
It's also instructive to look at permits granted by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) — the American GMO gatekeepers, together with the Environmental Protection Agency – though it's important to note that not all the issued permits are for crops that are approved for commercial use.
To produce crops commercially, biotech companies apply for "deregulated status", the green light from the USDA to plant and distribute without restriction.
The bar chart below shows all deregulated crops, sized by the number of genetic varieties approved for each. The ten crops in green are currently produced in the United States, and described in detail in the list below.
USDA Approved Genetically Modified Crops
Produced in US Not currently produced
appleroseplumsugarbeettobaccoflaxcichorium intybusalfalfacanolaricepapayabeetsquashpotatorapeseedtomatocottonsoybeancorn05101520253011111112222226710162033
Source: USDA Animal and Health Inspection Service
1. Corn
Genetically modified corn turns up in many different products in the U.S. — and corn on the cob is the least of it. This crop is used to produce many different ingredients used in processed foods and drinks, including high-fructose corn syrup and corn starch. But the bulk of the GM corn grown around the world is used to feed livestock. Some is also converted into biofuels.
33 Genetically Modified Varieties
Applicant Phenotype Date Effective
AgrEvo Phosphinothricin Tolerant and Male Sterile 3/16/99
Pioneer Male Sterile and Phosphinothricin Tolerant 5/14/98
AgrEvo Phosphinothricin Tolerant and Moth and butterfly Resistant 5/8/98
Monsanto Herbicide Tolerant 11/18/97
Monsanto Herbicide Tolerant and European Corn Borer Resistant 5/27/97
DeKalb European Corn Borer Resistant 3/28/97
Northrup King European Corn Borer Resistant 7/18/96
Monsanto European Corn Borer Resistant 3/11/96
Plant Genetic Systems Male SterileMS3 2/22/96
DeKalb Glufosinate Tolerant 12/19/95
Monsanto Moth and butterfly Resistant 8/22/95
AgrEvo Glufosinate Tolerant 6/22/95
Ciba Seeds Moth and butterfly Resistant 5/17/95
Dow 2,4-D and ACCase-Inhibitor Tolerant 9/22/14
Bayer/Genective Herbicide Tolerant 9/25/13
Monsanto Male Sterile 9/25/13
Pioneer Insect Resistant and Glufosinate Tolerant 6/20/13
Stine Seed Herbicide Tolerant 5/3/13
Syngenta Rootworm Resistant 2/27/13
Monsanto Drought Tolerant 12/27/11
Pioneer Male Sterile, Fertility Restored, Visual Marker 6/28/11
Syngenta Thermostable Alpha-amylase 2/15/11
Syngenta Moth and butterfly Resistant 4/20/10
Pioneer Herbicide & Imidazolinone Tolerant 12/9/09
Monsanto European Corn Borer Resistant 7/24/08
Syngenta Corn Rootworm Protected 3/16/07
Monsanto High Lysine 1/23/06
Monsanto Corn Rootworm Resistant 12/14/05
Dow Corn Rootworm Resistant 9/23/05
Dow Moth and butterfly Resistant & Phosphinothricin Tolerant 10/20/04
Monsanto Corn Rootworm Resistant 10/8/02
Mycogen c/o Dow & Pioneer Moth and butterfly Resistant Phosphinothricin Tolerant 6/14/01
Monsanto Herbicide Tolerant 9/29/00
2. Soybeans
The second largest U.S. crop after corn, GM soy is used primarily in animal feed and in soybean oil—which is widely used for processed foods and in restaurant chains. In fact, soybean oil accounts for 61% of Americans' vegetable-oil consumption. It's also often used to make an emulsifier called soy lecithin, which is present in a lot of processed foods, including dark chocolate bars and candy.
20 Genetically Modified Varieties
Applicant Phenotype Date Effective
AgrEvo Phosphinothricin Tolerant 11/23/98
AgrEvo Phosphinothricin Tolerant 6/8/98
Du Pont High Oleic Acid Oil 5/7/97
AgrEvo Glufosinate Tolerant 7/31/96
Monsanto Herbicide Tolerant 5/18/94
Monsanto Dicamba Tolerant
Monsanto Lepidopteran-Resistant SoybeanMON 87751 10/17/14
Dow 2, 4-D, Herbicide and Glufosinate Tolerant 9/22/14
Dow 2,4-D and Glufosinate Tolerant 9/22/14
Bayer/Syngenta HPPD and Glufosinate Tolerant 7/18/14
Dow Insect Resistant 4/17/14
BASF Imidazolinone Tolerant 3/18/14
Monsanto Increased Yield 11/7/13
Bayer and M.S. Technologies Herbicide and Isoxaflutole TolerantFG72 8/21/13
Monsanto Stearidonic Acid Produced 7/13/12
Monsanto Improved Fatty Acid Profile 12/16/11
Monsanto Insect Resistant 10/12/11
Pioneer High Oleic Acid 6/8/10
Pioneer Herbicide & Acetolactate Synthase Tolerant 7/24/08
Monsanto Herbicide Tolerant 7/23/07
3. Cotton
Much of GM cotton is turned into cottonseed oil, which is used for frying in restaurants and in packaged foods like potato chips, oily spreads like margarine, even things like cans of smoked oysters. Some parts of the plant are also used in animal feed, and what's left over can be used to create food fillers such as cellulose.
16 Genetically Modified Varieties
Applicant Phenotype Date Effective
Calgene Bromoxynil Tolerant and Moth and butterfly Resistant 4/30/97
Du Pont Sulfonylurea Tolerant 1/25/96
Monsanto Herbicide Tolerant 7/11/95
Monsanto Moth and butterfly Resistant 6/22/95
Calgene Bromoxynil Tolerant 2/15/94
Monsanto Dicamba and Glufosinate Tolerant 1/20/15
Bayer Glufosinate Tolerant, Moth and butterfly Resistant 2/22/13
Bayer Glufosinate Tolerant, Moth and butterfly Resistant 10/12/11
Syngenta Moth and butterfly Resistant 9/29/11
Bayer CropScience Herbicide Tolerant 5/22/09
Syngenta Moth and butterfly Resistant 7/6/05
Monsanto Herbicide Tolerant 12/20/04
Mycogen/Dow Moth and butterfly Resistant 7/15/04
Mycogen/Dow Moth and butterfly Resistant 7/15/04
Aventis Phosphinothericin Tolerant 3/10/03
Monsanto Moth and butterfly Resistant 11/5/02
4. Potatoes
A new kid on the block, the very recently approved GM crop is resistant to bruising and may produce less of a cancer-causing chemical, called acrylamide, when exposed to high heat. It has not yet seen adoption in the food supply, but is expected to be.
6 Genetically Modified Varieties
Applicant Phenotype Date Effective
Monsanto Colorado Potato Beetle and Potato Virus Y Resistant 2/25/99
Monsanto Potato Leafroll Virus & Colorado Potato Beetle Resistant 12/3/98
Monsanto Colorado Potato Beetle Resistant 5/3/96
Monsanto Coleopteran Resistant 3/2/95
J.R. Simplot Low-Acrylamide Potential, Reduced Black Spot BruiseE12, E24, F10, F37, J3, J55, J78, G11, H37, H50 11/10/14
Monsanto Potato Leafroll Virus & Colorado Potato Beetle Resistant 7/17/00
5. Papaya
Bred to withstand ringspot virus, which can destroy papaya plants, these genetically engineered 'Rainbow Papayas' were first commercially produced in the late 1990s. Much of the yield is grown in Hawaii.
2 Genetically Modified Varieties
Applicant Phenotype Date Effective
Cornell U Papaya Ringspot Virus Resistant 9/5/96
University of Florida Papaya Ringspot Virus Resistant 9/1/09
6. Squash
Zucchini and yellow summer squash have been commercially available in the U.S. since the mid- to late-'90s, though GM squash accounts for just 25,000 acres of farmland, by some estimates.
2 Genetically Modified Varieties
Applicant Phenotype Date Effective
Asgrow Cucumber Mosaic Virus, Watermelon Mosaic Virus 2, and Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus Resistant 6/14/96
Upjohn Watermelon Mosaic Virus and Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus Resistant 12/7/94
7. Canola
GM canola is used to make oil for cooking, as well as margarine. It's also used to produce emulsifiers that are used in packaged foods. By some estimates, 90% of canola grown in the U.S. and Canada is GM.
2 Genetically Modified Varieties
Applicant Phenotype Date Effective
Monsanto Herbicide Tolerant 9/25/13
Pioneer Herbicide Tolerant 7/18/13
8. Alfalfa
In a controversial decision in 2011, the FDA approved the commercial use of GM alfalfa that contains a gene making it resistant to herbicide. The crop is used mainly as hay for cattle.
2 Genetically Modified Varieties
Applicant Phenotype Date Effective
Monsanto/Forage Genetics Reduced Lignin 11/10/14
Monsanto & Forage Genetics Herbicide Tolerant 1/28/11, 6/14/05
9. Apples
Another newly approved crop, this apple from a Canadian biotech company does not brown even after it's been sliced. It recently received FDA approval. The agency said it is safe to eat, which means they may appear on supermarket shelves.
1 Genetically Modified Variety
Applicant Phenotype Date Effective
Okanagan Non-Browning 2/18/15
10. Sugar Beets
More than half the granulated sugar in the United States comes from GM sugar beets, which have been in production since 2008. Though their use was temporarily halted due to safety concerns, production resumed in 2011.
1 Genetically Modified Variety
Applicant Phenotype Date Effective
Monsanto and KWS SAAT AG Herbicide Tolerant July 20, 2012, February 8, 2011 (Partial), March 4, 2005
Methodology
GM crops produced in the U.S. are listed at the International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech. Deregulated crops are tracked at the USDA’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service.
Link to source:
http://time.com/3840073/gmo-food-charts/
These Charts Show Every Genetically Modified Food People Already Eat in the U.S.
Dave Johnson @davejohndc Siobhan O’Connor @siobhannyc
April 30, 2015
See all the GMOs you may already be eating
Chipotle announced Monday that the chain will no longer serve food containing genetically modified organisms (GMO), raising the bar for transparency in the United States, where there’s no requirement to indicate the presence of GMO ingredients on food labels or in restaurants. Likewise, biotechnology companies aren’t required to report which genetically modified seeds are used in production.
Yet the use of GMOs is undoubtedly widespread. Since GMOs were approved for commercial use, and then first planted into U.S. soil in 1996, their production has increased dramatically. More than 90% of all soybean cotton and corn acreage in the U.S. is used to grow genetically engineered crops. Other popular and approved food crops include sugar beets, alfalfa, canola, papaya and summer squash. More recently, apples that don’t brown and bruise-free potatoes were also approved by the FDA.
Adoption of GMO Crops in the US, 1996-2014
1996199820002002200420062008201020122014% Farmland per Crop0102030405060708090100Bt corn80Bt cotton84Ht cotton91Ht soybeans94Ht corn89
Ht: Herbicide-tolerant Bt: Insect-resistant
Source: USDA Economic Research Service
It's also instructive to look at permits granted by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) — the American GMO gatekeepers, together with the Environmental Protection Agency – though it's important to note that not all the issued permits are for crops that are approved for commercial use.
To produce crops commercially, biotech companies apply for "deregulated status", the green light from the USDA to plant and distribute without restriction.
The bar chart below shows all deregulated crops, sized by the number of genetic varieties approved for each. The ten crops in green are currently produced in the United States, and described in detail in the list below.
USDA Approved Genetically Modified Crops
Produced in US Not currently produced
appleroseplumsugarbeettobaccoflaxcichorium intybusalfalfacanolaricepapayabeetsquashpotatorapeseedtomatocottonsoybeancorn05101520253011111112222226710162033
Source: USDA Animal and Health Inspection Service
1. Corn
Genetically modified corn turns up in many different products in the U.S. — and corn on the cob is the least of it. This crop is used to produce many different ingredients used in processed foods and drinks, including high-fructose corn syrup and corn starch. But the bulk of the GM corn grown around the world is used to feed livestock. Some is also converted into biofuels.
33 Genetically Modified Varieties
Applicant Phenotype Date Effective
AgrEvo Phosphinothricin Tolerant and Male Sterile 3/16/99
Pioneer Male Sterile and Phosphinothricin Tolerant 5/14/98
AgrEvo Phosphinothricin Tolerant and Moth and butterfly Resistant 5/8/98
Monsanto Herbicide Tolerant 11/18/97
Monsanto Herbicide Tolerant and European Corn Borer Resistant 5/27/97
DeKalb European Corn Borer Resistant 3/28/97
Northrup King European Corn Borer Resistant 7/18/96
Monsanto European Corn Borer Resistant 3/11/96
Plant Genetic Systems Male SterileMS3 2/22/96
DeKalb Glufosinate Tolerant 12/19/95
Monsanto Moth and butterfly Resistant 8/22/95
AgrEvo Glufosinate Tolerant 6/22/95
Ciba Seeds Moth and butterfly Resistant 5/17/95
Dow 2,4-D and ACCase-Inhibitor Tolerant 9/22/14
Bayer/Genective Herbicide Tolerant 9/25/13
Monsanto Male Sterile 9/25/13
Pioneer Insect Resistant and Glufosinate Tolerant 6/20/13
Stine Seed Herbicide Tolerant 5/3/13
Syngenta Rootworm Resistant 2/27/13
Monsanto Drought Tolerant 12/27/11
Pioneer Male Sterile, Fertility Restored, Visual Marker 6/28/11
Syngenta Thermostable Alpha-amylase 2/15/11
Syngenta Moth and butterfly Resistant 4/20/10
Pioneer Herbicide & Imidazolinone Tolerant 12/9/09
Monsanto European Corn Borer Resistant 7/24/08
Syngenta Corn Rootworm Protected 3/16/07
Monsanto High Lysine 1/23/06
Monsanto Corn Rootworm Resistant 12/14/05
Dow Corn Rootworm Resistant 9/23/05
Dow Moth and butterfly Resistant & Phosphinothricin Tolerant 10/20/04
Monsanto Corn Rootworm Resistant 10/8/02
Mycogen c/o Dow & Pioneer Moth and butterfly Resistant Phosphinothricin Tolerant 6/14/01
Monsanto Herbicide Tolerant 9/29/00
2. Soybeans
The second largest U.S. crop after corn, GM soy is used primarily in animal feed and in soybean oil—which is widely used for processed foods and in restaurant chains. In fact, soybean oil accounts for 61% of Americans' vegetable-oil consumption. It's also often used to make an emulsifier called soy lecithin, which is present in a lot of processed foods, including dark chocolate bars and candy.
20 Genetically Modified Varieties
Applicant Phenotype Date Effective
AgrEvo Phosphinothricin Tolerant 11/23/98
AgrEvo Phosphinothricin Tolerant 6/8/98
Du Pont High Oleic Acid Oil 5/7/97
AgrEvo Glufosinate Tolerant 7/31/96
Monsanto Herbicide Tolerant 5/18/94
Monsanto Dicamba Tolerant
Monsanto Lepidopteran-Resistant SoybeanMON 87751 10/17/14
Dow 2, 4-D, Herbicide and Glufosinate Tolerant 9/22/14
Dow 2,4-D and Glufosinate Tolerant 9/22/14
Bayer/Syngenta HPPD and Glufosinate Tolerant 7/18/14
Dow Insect Resistant 4/17/14
BASF Imidazolinone Tolerant 3/18/14
Monsanto Increased Yield 11/7/13
Bayer and M.S. Technologies Herbicide and Isoxaflutole TolerantFG72 8/21/13
Monsanto Stearidonic Acid Produced 7/13/12
Monsanto Improved Fatty Acid Profile 12/16/11
Monsanto Insect Resistant 10/12/11
Pioneer High Oleic Acid 6/8/10
Pioneer Herbicide & Acetolactate Synthase Tolerant 7/24/08
Monsanto Herbicide Tolerant 7/23/07
3. Cotton
Much of GM cotton is turned into cottonseed oil, which is used for frying in restaurants and in packaged foods like potato chips, oily spreads like margarine, even things like cans of smoked oysters. Some parts of the plant are also used in animal feed, and what's left over can be used to create food fillers such as cellulose.
16 Genetically Modified Varieties
Applicant Phenotype Date Effective
Calgene Bromoxynil Tolerant and Moth and butterfly Resistant 4/30/97
Du Pont Sulfonylurea Tolerant 1/25/96
Monsanto Herbicide Tolerant 7/11/95
Monsanto Moth and butterfly Resistant 6/22/95
Calgene Bromoxynil Tolerant 2/15/94
Monsanto Dicamba and Glufosinate Tolerant 1/20/15
Bayer Glufosinate Tolerant, Moth and butterfly Resistant 2/22/13
Bayer Glufosinate Tolerant, Moth and butterfly Resistant 10/12/11
Syngenta Moth and butterfly Resistant 9/29/11
Bayer CropScience Herbicide Tolerant 5/22/09
Syngenta Moth and butterfly Resistant 7/6/05
Monsanto Herbicide Tolerant 12/20/04
Mycogen/Dow Moth and butterfly Resistant 7/15/04
Mycogen/Dow Moth and butterfly Resistant 7/15/04
Aventis Phosphinothericin Tolerant 3/10/03
Monsanto Moth and butterfly Resistant 11/5/02
4. Potatoes
A new kid on the block, the very recently approved GM crop is resistant to bruising and may produce less of a cancer-causing chemical, called acrylamide, when exposed to high heat. It has not yet seen adoption in the food supply, but is expected to be.
6 Genetically Modified Varieties
Applicant Phenotype Date Effective
Monsanto Colorado Potato Beetle and Potato Virus Y Resistant 2/25/99
Monsanto Potato Leafroll Virus & Colorado Potato Beetle Resistant 12/3/98
Monsanto Colorado Potato Beetle Resistant 5/3/96
Monsanto Coleopteran Resistant 3/2/95
J.R. Simplot Low-Acrylamide Potential, Reduced Black Spot BruiseE12, E24, F10, F37, J3, J55, J78, G11, H37, H50 11/10/14
Monsanto Potato Leafroll Virus & Colorado Potato Beetle Resistant 7/17/00
5. Papaya
Bred to withstand ringspot virus, which can destroy papaya plants, these genetically engineered 'Rainbow Papayas' were first commercially produced in the late 1990s. Much of the yield is grown in Hawaii.
2 Genetically Modified Varieties
Applicant Phenotype Date Effective
Cornell U Papaya Ringspot Virus Resistant 9/5/96
University of Florida Papaya Ringspot Virus Resistant 9/1/09
6. Squash
Zucchini and yellow summer squash have been commercially available in the U.S. since the mid- to late-'90s, though GM squash accounts for just 25,000 acres of farmland, by some estimates.
2 Genetically Modified Varieties
Applicant Phenotype Date Effective
Asgrow Cucumber Mosaic Virus, Watermelon Mosaic Virus 2, and Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus Resistant 6/14/96
Upjohn Watermelon Mosaic Virus and Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus Resistant 12/7/94
7. Canola
GM canola is used to make oil for cooking, as well as margarine. It's also used to produce emulsifiers that are used in packaged foods. By some estimates, 90% of canola grown in the U.S. and Canada is GM.
2 Genetically Modified Varieties
Applicant Phenotype Date Effective
Monsanto Herbicide Tolerant 9/25/13
Pioneer Herbicide Tolerant 7/18/13
8. Alfalfa
In a controversial decision in 2011, the FDA approved the commercial use of GM alfalfa that contains a gene making it resistant to herbicide. The crop is used mainly as hay for cattle.
2 Genetically Modified Varieties
Applicant Phenotype Date Effective
Monsanto/Forage Genetics Reduced Lignin 11/10/14
Monsanto & Forage Genetics Herbicide Tolerant 1/28/11, 6/14/05
9. Apples
Another newly approved crop, this apple from a Canadian biotech company does not brown even after it's been sliced. It recently received FDA approval. The agency said it is safe to eat, which means they may appear on supermarket shelves.
1 Genetically Modified Variety
Applicant Phenotype Date Effective
Okanagan Non-Browning 2/18/15
10. Sugar Beets
More than half the granulated sugar in the United States comes from GM sugar beets, which have been in production since 2008. Though their use was temporarily halted due to safety concerns, production resumed in 2011.
1 Genetically Modified Variety
Applicant Phenotype Date Effective
Monsanto and KWS SAAT AG Herbicide Tolerant July 20, 2012, February 8, 2011 (Partial), March 4, 2005
Methodology
GM crops produced in the U.S. are listed at the International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech. Deregulated crops are tracked at the USDA’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service.
Link to source:
http://time.com/3840073/gmo-food-charts/