Vaxxed people's Cancer rates are spiking.
Cobra venom is used in the preparation of chemicals needed for Chemotherapy.
Krait venom causes Cancer.
2019 Dec 3;7:e8055.
doi: 10.7717/peerj.8055. eCollection 2019.
Phospholipase A 2 from krait Bungarus fasciatus venom induces human cancer cell death in vitro
Thien V Tran 1 2,
Andrei E Siniavin 3,
Anh N Hoang 2 4,
My T T Le 5,
Chuong D Pham 5,
Trung V Phung 6,
Khoa C Nguyen 2 4,
Rustam H Ziganshin 7,
Victor I Tsetlin 8,
Ching-Feng Weng 9,
Yuri N Utkin 3
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Abstract
Background: Snake venoms are the complex mixtures of different compounds manifesting a wide array of biological activities. The venoms of kraits (genus Bungarus, family Elapidae) induce mainly neurological symptoms; however, these venoms show a cytotoxicity against cancer cells as well. This study was conducted to identify in
Bungarus fasciatus venom an active compound(s) exerting cytotoxic effects toward MCF7 human breast cancer cells and A549 human lung cancer cells.
Methods: The crude venom of
B. fasciatus was separated by gel-filtration on Superdex HR 75 column and reversed phase HPLC on C18 column. The fractions obtained were screened for cytotoxic effect against MCF7, A549, and HK2 cell lines using colorimetric assay with the tetrazolium dye MTT- 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide. The primary structure of active protein was established by ultra high resolution LC-MS/MS. The molecular mechanism of the isolated protein action on MCF7 cells was elucidated by flow cytometry.
Results: MTT cell viability assays of cancer cells incubated with fractions isolated from
B. fasciatus venom revealed a protein with molecular mass of about 13 kDa possessing significant cytotoxicity. This protein manifested the dose and time dependent cytotoxicity for MCF7 and A549 cell lines while showed no toxic effect on human normal kidney HK2 cells. In MCF7, flow cytometry analysis revealed a decrease in the proportion of Ki-67 positive cells. As Ki-67 protein is a cellular marker for proliferation, its decline indicates the reduction in the proliferation of MCF7 cells treated with the protein. Flow cytometry analysis of MCF7 cells stained with propidium iodide and Annexin V conjugated with allophycocyanin showed that a probable mechanism of cell death is apoptosis. Mass spectrometric studies showed that the cytotoxic protein was phospholipase A2. The amino acid sequence of this enzyme earlier was deduced from cloned cDNA, and in this work it was isolated from the venom as a protein for the first time. It is also the first krait phospholipase A2 manifesting the cytotoxicity for cancer cells.
Keywords: Breast cancer; Cytotoxicity; Human cancer cells; Krait; Lung cancer; Mass spectrometry; Phospholipase A2; Venom.
© 2019 Tran et al.
Conflict of interest statement
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Figures
Figure 1. Fractionation of B. fasciatus venom.
Figure 2. Cytotoxicity of fractions obtained from…
Figure 3. MALDI mass spectroscopy analysis of…
Figure 4. Cytotoxicity test of fractions obtained…
Figure 5. Cytotoxicity of cisplatin to human…
Figure 6. Morphological changes of the A549…
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Grant support
The work was supported by the Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (research project QTRU01.03/18-19) and Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Project No: 18-54-54006). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
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MTT cell viability assays of cancer cells incubated with fractions isolated from <i>B. fasciatus</i> venom revealed a protein with molecular mass of about 13 kDa possessing significant cytotoxicity. This protein manifested the dose and time dependent cytotoxicity for MCF7 and A549 cell lines...
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