Permacul Um, The Need For Protein from One's Garden, Worms As a Food Source for Humans

China Connection

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I am expecting food prices to go mad before long. Most reading this will most likely have a small garden. You need about 6 medium sized potatoes a day to get your protein needs. That adds up to 2, 190 potatoes a year.

I am growing floating plants like Azolla and Duckweed which are high protein and great food for worms. Worms can be grown on simple green fresh material and not have problems with heat resulting from composting providing you have enough worms. You would need about 100 grams a day of worms to cover your protein needs. You still needs quite an area of water surface to grow enough plants. Garden greens could also be added.

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Worms As a Food Source for Humans
By Laura Agadoni

Earthworm Lumbricus terrestris in the soil

A big earthworm.
Image Credit: K-Kucharska_D-Kucharski/iStock/Getty Images
You may think that humans eating worms is reserved for reality television fare, but that is not necessarily so. The reality is that humans in almost 90 countries eat insects and worms. In the United States, most people would only consider eating worms as a survival tool when stranded in the great outdoors. But, renowned chef David George Gordon wants to change peoples' minds regarding insects and bugs and features worm specialties he calls Superworm Tempura with Plum Dipping Sauce, Fried Green Tomato Hornworm and Alpha-Bait Soup in his book "The Eat-A-Bug Cookbook."

Gourmet Worms
In some parts of Asia, Africa and Latin America, people regularly eat worms. Some restaurants in the United States have jumped on the bandwagon to offer something different to patrons who consider themselves "foodies" or who want to claim bragging rights to their friends. Eating worms once in a blue moon in a restaurant, however, and eating them on a regular basis as part of your normal diet are two different animals. In fact, people who eat insects regularly as part of the culture typically do so out of necessity. Once people enter the realm of the middle class, their worm-eating repertoire will likely fall by the wayside, and they are apt to favor meat, according to Gabriella Petrick, a food historian quoted on MSNBC.
Studying a Culture
The Royal Society, an academy of the world's most prominent scientists, published a study on the nutrient content of earthworms in its namesake journal "The Royal Society" in January 2003. Researchers studied the eating habits of the Yekuana people of Venezuela who traditionally eat two kinds of earthworms – one type that lives in muddy streams and another that lives on the forest floor. The Yekuana people eat the worms fresh after heating them in water, or they smoke the worms over a fire.
Protein and Minerals
Worms contain protein comparable to the protein you would receive from consuming eggs and cow's milk, and the Yekuana people believe they have some medicinal uses as well. They give worms to people suffering from malaria and to women who have just given birth. Worms and cassava are all a woman eats, in fact, for a month after delivery. The Royal Society study also found that earthworms contain significant amounts of calcium, similar to what you would get from cow's milk and cheese. Earthworms are also a source of iron, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus and copper.
Parasitic Worms
Even though they look alike, do not confuse earthworms, which are edible for humans, to roundworms, which are parasites that infect people. Earthworms live on their own as a free species and eat substances found in soil, whereas the roundworm is a parasite that lives and feeds in a person's gut. You can get roundworms by poor sanitation and poor hygiene, particularly in warm, tropical climates. Avoid roundworms by washing your hands frequently, washing fruits and vegetables before eating them and deworming your pets.

 

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Learn What Size Vermicomposting System (Worm Farm) You Need to Compost Kitchen Scraps
How-Many-Composting-Wroms-Do-I-Need

[standout-css3-button href=”Buy Composting Worms – Worm Composting Headquarters] Buy Worms Now![/standout-css3-button]How to Conduct a Family Food Waste Audit to be Sure your Worm Bin Fits your Family’s Needs
Worm composting (Vermicomposting) is a form of composting in which you feed your vegetable food scraps to a specific type of earthworm called red wigglers (scientific name: Eisenia Fetida).
How many composting worms do you need? This article will teach you how to measure your food waste, calculate how many composting worms you need, and determine what size worm bin you should use to compost all your food scraps.
How much food waste does your family produce?
Before you can calculate how many composting worms you need, you must track the average amount of veggie food waste that you or your family creates. Below you will find simple instructions for how to track food waste and conduct a family food waste audit.
  • Collect a day’s worth of vegetable food waste that could have been fed to your Small Kitchen Scale worm farm.
  • Be sure to only collect the types of food waste that worms can eat. For more on this, read Feeding Your Worms
  • At the end of the collection day, place all veggies scraps in a plastic bag and weigh it. A small kitchen scale or fish scale works well.
  • Repeat each day for one week, then average the results together.
  • You now have your daily average food waste.
How many red worms (composting worms) will it take to eat your average daily household food waste?
  • Amazingly, red wiggler composting worms eat roughly half their weight every day!
  • So, if your daily average food waste is 2 lbs, you will need roughly 4 lbs of composting worms to eat that amount each day.
  • In this scenario, 4 lbs of worms is your optimal worm composting herd.
What size worm bin do you need to house your optimal worm composting herd?
  • Assuming that temperature and moisture conditions are ideal and there is plenty for a worm population to eat, your worm population will expand to the size of its habitat (worm bin and worm bin bedding).
  • Composting worms feed in the top inch of worm bedding so the next step is to calculate how many square feet you need on the surface of your worm bin.
  • One pound of red wigglers for one square foot of surface area in a worm farm is a Simple Homemade Worm Composting Bin good, healthy ratio (1:1).
  • So, if your optimal worm herd it 4 lbs, you will need a worm farm with at least 4 square feet of surface area.
  • Many plastic storage bins fit this size and make excellent worm farms. For more on setting up a very simple starter worm bin using a plastic storage tote read: Make Your Own Simple Worm Bin
  • If you need a larger worm composting herd, you will also need a larger worm composting container to hold the worms. For instructions on building your own custom worm composting container read: How to Make a Homemade Worm Composting Container
How many red worms are in a pound?
Since all of our calculations are based on weight, you don’t actually need to know how many worms are in a pound. However, just because it is fun to know roughly how many worms are in your worm herd: most worm composters use the estimate of 1000 red wiggler worms in one pound. Therefore, if you have 4 lbs of composting worms in your vermicompost bin, that means you have around 4,000 worms working for you!
How many composting worms should I start with?
In our example so far, you need to have a total of 4 lbs of composting worms to eat all the food scraps that your family produces. To get up to 4 lbs of red worms you can do one of two things:
Worms Reproducing, Worm Sex! Worms Reproducing, Worm Sex!
  • Buy 4 lbs of composting worms. This is the simplest but also the most expensive way to reach your optimum worm herd.
  • Grow some worms. Another approach is to start your worm farm with 1 lb of worms and let them reproduce. This is a slower approach but it will save you money.
Now that you know how many composting worms you need to meet the needs of your family, you are ready to Build your Worm Composting Container or Buy your Worms!
[standout-css3-button href=”Buy Composting Worms – Worm Composting Headquarters] Buy Worms Now![/standout-css3-button]
If you found this article helpful, please share it with a friend. Thanks! Happy worm farming.
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China Connection

TB Fanatic
Redworms in Nicaragua

Mark Hare (currently working in Haiti) sent us information about a project using African redworms at Rancho Ebenezer in Nicaragua. They got a remarkable return on their investment!

Figure 1: Holes in the ground, used for vermiculture at Rancho Ebenezer in Nicaragua.
Figure 1: Holes in the ground, used for vermiculture at Rancho Ebenezer in Nicaragua.
Mark wrote, “Sebastián Ampié and his crew took 400 [g of] worms and divided them among 8 small holes in the ground (20 in. x 20 in. x 20 in. [50 cm x 50 cm x 50 cm]; Figure 1). They fed the worms once a week with a mix of goat and rabbit manure, mixed with some leaves, and after six months harvested the worm manure from the holes. They got slightly over 900 kg of worm manure and they harvested and counted (!!!!!) the worms—13,000 worms (including all sizes) weighing 9.63 kg. [Feeding and caring for the worms] took 20 minutes a week (two people, 10 minutes each). The final harvest, including counting the worms, took a total of 28 man-hours (Seba calculates that harvesting the manure and separating out the worms took about 6 hours of that 28 hours).

“The average weight of the “average” worm was 0.67 grams. They started with 400 grams (0.4 kg) and multiplied that by 24.1. Rancho Ebenezer sells worms to other organizations that want to produce organic fertilizer and use ecological production methods for C$300 (US$17.00) per kg. In terms of investment, the worms cost approximately C$120.00 (about US$7.00) and [the return from the sales amounted to] C$2889.00 (US$173.00).

 
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AlaskaSue

North to the Future
Well, good deal. I can grow potatoes and cabbages like crazy. There are an amazing amount of fish in our many, many incredible lakes and creeks around here - and the ocean is a stone's throw away. Won't even talk about all the critters, large and small on the ground and in the air, that I see regularly - and I'm not even looking for them. I'll keep worms way, way down there, but okay they will be on the list. Thanks CC :)
 

Grouchy Granny

Deceased
Ummm - no, but just no - I prefer them in my garden beds and compost thank you very much.

Glad I wasn't eating when I read this - otherwise dinner would have been upchucked into the porcelain god.
 

hummer

Veteran Member
I used to eat big old angleworms as a kid...I'm still here. You know I bet one could dehydrate them and put them in scrambled eggs, hot dishes, etc. I'm serious. Thanks CC.
 

China Connection

TB Fanatic
I have chickens but the rosters make a lot of noise and so do the hens when they lay eggs. They will not last when the economy collapses when the Welfare shuts down. I'm looking at switching to Quail.

Quail like fly maggots:


 

China Connection

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Say the democrats get into power later this year. What will it be like"
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Venezuelan Poultry Farming in Critical Situation
EQUIPMENT & INNOVATIONMARKETS AND ECONOMICSGOVERNMENT AND REGULATORY
https://thepoultrysite.com/contributors/alice-mitchell
by Alice Mitchell
18 May 2016, at 6:00am
ANALYSIS - Reports on the dire situation for food and farming in Venezuela just keep on coming, writes Nuria Martínez Herráez, Editor of ThePoultrySite's Spanish sister site, ElSitioAvícola.
Recently, the Venezuelan Food Industry Chamber reported that food production had fallen by 21.8 per cent in April alone. There is a shortage of staple foods and their prices are constantly increasing.
The poultry sector has greatly suffered from the consequences of this situation. Last year, Venezuelan poultry industry sources unofficially reported that there was a drop in poultry production of approximately 45 per cent during the latter months of 2015.
These sources indicated that the industry is going through a critical time, as a result of inadequate government policies. They were unable to provide an accurate forecast for 2016, however, they correctly predicted that the situation would not improve.
In January, it was reported that 25 per cent of the Venezuelan poultry farms were on the verge of closing down. Simon Leal, president of industry body PYMES Avícolas, explained then that the sector did not have the financial capacity to produce on a large scale and to sell below cost price.
In February, the former governor of Zulia state, Pablo Pérez, bemoaned the serious crisis affecting egg producers in the state. At that time, the number of laying hens on state farms had shrunk from 600,000 to 300,000 hens.
In the following months, the trickle of bad news for the Venezuelan poultry industry continued its flow from bad to worse.
In April, it was reported that poultry farmers were almost being ruined by lack of feed for their birds. Small producers in particular were disappearing, unable to bear the brunt of increased costs.
In May, Geomar Ávila, director of the chicken producing company Proave, indicated that this company and Avipollo enter into "technical closure" because the costs of production and operation cannot be covered by the sale of one kilo of chicken at 65 bolívars.
Industry sources indicated that in Tachira state, Venezuela's third largest producer of chickens and eggs, state production has fallen 70 per cent.
In the 143 farms for both products in the state, the aim was to produce about 1,300,000 eggs daily, and 4 million kilos of chicken every six weeks. At present, they only produce 160,000 eggs per day and 700,000 kilos of chicken every eight weeks.
More and more farms are going bankrupt or are close to halting production under these conditions, where shortages of food and medicine for birds have become commonplace.
To this already difficult scenario is added the lack of foreign exchange to import raw materials and deteriorating security in the country.
The information coming from Venezuela suggests that the situation will not be reversed any time soon and, unfortunately, the poultry sector is growing weaker.
https://thepoultrysite.com/contributors/alice-mitchell
Alice Mitchell

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Venezuela sets new price controls, with eggs costing more than a month's wages


2 MIN READ



FILE PHOTO: General view of Francisco Fajardo highway, virtually empty during the national quarantine in response to the spread of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), in Caracas, Venezuela March 19, 2020. REUTERS/Manaure Quintero
CARACAS (Reuters) - Venezuela on Thursday published a list of new price controls for 27 basic food items, fixing the price of eggs, some cuts of meat, and sausage above the monthly minimum wage President Nicolas Maduro set for the inflation-stricken country this week.
The move marked the return of strict state economic controls, after more than a year of relaxation in the face of U.S. sanctions. Maduro’s socialist government is now seeking to calm inflation in the face of a collapse in crude prices, fuel shortages and a national lockdown to prevent the spread of the coronavirus.

According to a document published by Commerce Minister Eneida Laya on Twitter, products including butter and powdered milk will cost more than 400,000 bolivares, which is the new minimum wage the government set on Monday. That is equivalent to just $2 at the official exchange rate.
The document listed the prices both in bolivares and in Petros, a state-run cryptocurrency.

Private food-production companies and industry groups have warned that setting price controls will mark a return to the scarcity of basic goods that plagued the indebted OPEC nation for years, exacerbated by a collapse in crude prices in 2014.
Supermarket supply has improved in the year since the government relaxed price controls, but with inflation of 3,365% in the year through March, according to the opposition-held National Assembly, many goods were sold at prices beyond the reach of most Venezuelans.
The new prices set by the government are generally lower than current levels, but not by a significant amount


 

AlaskaSue

North to the Future
Um, a question! When things collapse and one can't afford or get petrol etc, where will your protein come from?
I'm hoping fish, moose, reindeer, and buffalo. We do have cattle nearby too = and bear if need be. Geese, ducks, and other birds aplenty. But truly appreciate your take on things and open to the necessity.
 

catskinner

Veteran Member
CC, we know you're just trying to help. Yet, for some odd reason seeing the word gourmet followed by the word worm.... most of us just aren't there yet.
Notice I said, "yet."
 

China Connection

TB Fanatic
Gee, but just remember when protein gets hard or expensive that it does't have to be that way" And Quail love them also......



On its 14-day journey from hatchling to pupa, a single larva will grow nearly an inch long and increase its weight by a factor of 10,000. That’s akin to an eight-pound baby swelling to the size of a 40-ton humpback whale.
They binge eat to store up nutrients for their two-week life span as adults, when they typically don’t eat anything at all.
WH3IBXBNO5EIVNBVY75TAQLBTA.jpg
 

China Connection

TB Fanatic
For Helen above


Human (Long Pig) - Clovegarden
www.clovegarden.com › ingred › ao_human


Human: (Long Pig) photo, description and details of culinary usage. ... is reliable, that should be an acceptable substitute in any recipe calling for human. Others ..



The Cannibal Cookbook: 5 Recipes Where The Main ...
www.sickchirpse.com › cannibal-cookbook-5-recipes-...


Jun 21, 2019 - The Cannibal Cookbook: 5 Recipes Where The Main Ingredient Is Human ... A recipe for Long Pig Pork rinds is also provided. Long pig – if
 

JMG91

Veteran Member
Um, a question! When things collapse and one can't afford or get petrol etc, where will your protein come from?
Moringa is a great plant source of protein--I believe you had started a thread on the subject previously--and most people hunting for food won't even know what they're looking at. I like the idea of food sources that you can hide in plain sight.

I have personally had a hard time growing Moringa, but I stumbled onto Chaya, another great edible that is high in protein, vitamin c, and a host of other vitamins and nutrients. My Chaya is growing wonderfully by my chicken coop, and I hope that it reaches the size of a tree! From what I understand, it's also great chicken forage as well--a good way to feed your birds.
 

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Spinach – Tree Spinach
€1.80

Spinach – Tree Spinach is an amazing plant that grows up to 2m. The leaves have a red tinge. Most unusual and attractive. You may grow it more as a curiosity than as a vegetable.

Sowing:
Late March- May.

Sow 1 seed per module and plant out about 4-5 weeks after sowing.

Spacing:
Between rows: 45cm

Between plants in the row: 45cm

Approx. seed count: 50

Growing Tree Spinach:
Chenopodium giganteum: Tree Spinach has been grown in Mexico for hundreds of years and it originally comes from India.

This variety is a fast growing architectural curiosity. Such a beautiful plant to have in the garden or greenhouse. Vivid pink tinged triangular bright green leaves with each new set of leaves blushed a deep magenta. You can eat the shoot tips of the plant although I grow it mainly for its beauty.

You can harvest it the same way as you would with cut-and-come-again baby salad leaves, snip away the shoots once they get to around 20cm (8in) high, leaving the lowest few centimetres to grow on. It can be eaten very young raw in salads and is a good spinach substitute.

This is a wonderful plant to have in your garden if you like colour, the growing tip is a stunning bright pink, and as the leaves grow they turn to green. It is part of the spinach family and it goes quite large. Tree Spinach can be used like normal spinach, young leaves can be eaten raw and added to salads or cooked, and older leaves can be cooked.

Plant in well drained soil in a sunny but sheltered spot. Keep well watered until established and in dry weather. In the right conditions Tree Spinach can grow very quickly and reach up to 200cm tall, flower heads must be removed otherwise you will have them growing everywhere. It will die back over winter but will re-grow again in spring.

For more information have a look at my monthly newsletters on:
Newsletters - Green Vegetable Seeds

Have a look at the Irish Garden magazine:

Home - Garden.ie

 

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Chaya: Growing subtropical food for dummies


View: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bjTJmv_FT7Q



Um, about 15 minutes long


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Chaya might be the most perfect green vegetable to grow in a subtropical environment. Easy to propagate, and requires no care. Nutritious, and easy to prepare. If you would like to buy cuttings or leaves from my plants here in Southwest Florida, click here https://www.ebay.com/sch/bigyingadven... Visit my Teespring store - Tee-shirts , mugs, stickers https://teespring.com/stores/the-flor... Click these Amazon links for other Permaculture plants I use
 

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Nutritive Evaluation of Earthworms as Human Food
By Zhejun Sun and Hao Jiang
Submitted: November 7th 2016Reviewed: July 3rd 2017Published: October 4th 2017
DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.70271
Home > Books > Future Foods

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Abstract
Earthworms have been a traditional medicine in China for at least 2300 years. Because of medicine food homology in China, people have been using earthworms as a food for several centuries. Earthworms are rich in protein and various amino acids; the protein content of earthworm meal was 54.6–59.4% on dry weight. Their protein content and amino acid composition are better than those of fish meal, cow milk and soybean meal. The crude fat content of earthworm meal was 7.34%. Earthworm protein is easily hydrolyzed into free amino acids. The hydrolyzed body fluids contain 9.34% protein and 78.73 mg of free amino acids per liter of raw fluid and are rich in vitamins and minerals. By the fast development of molecular biological techniques, more Verm pharmaceuticals and functional components were isolated from earthworms. An antibacterial peptide and a functional earthworm powder were introduced in this paper. In short, based on its nutrient content and functional components, earthworms could be an excellent raw material source as homology of medicine and food for human use, especially as functional food in the future.
Keywords
  • earthworm
  • protein
  • nutrition
  • functional food and active peptide
Chapter and author info
Show +
1. Introduction
It is a time-honored, traditional custom to use live earthworm as angling bait, fish feed and duck feed. However, only within last 30 years has earthworm culture spread throughout the world as an excellent protein source replacing fish meal and soybean meal on a commercial scale since the potential for use of some earthworms in accelerating waste decomposition and protein production on a large scale was reported. It has been a well-known fact that earthworms can be used in the stabilization of organic wastes. Not only in the laboratory but also in practice has it been demonstrated that Eisenia fetida, the species most intensively studied in this respect, grows and reproduces well in many kinds of waste, converting them into live protein-rich feed and dark odorless casts with good physical structure for organic fertilizer.
Locally in China, people have been using earthworms as a food for several centuries. In ancient times, people in Fujian and Guangdong provinces of China had the habit of eating earthworms. Even now, in Taiwan and Henan and Guangdong provinces, some local people prepare special dishes featuring the earthworm as a basic ingredient. Records from Chinese ancient book “On Guo Yi Gong” say that the people who lived in Fujian, who were considered different from other people, considered earthworms to be a delicacy. They cut the earthworms in small pieces and mixed them with meat filling to make their food tastier. Even now, earthworm soup, a traditional delicacy, is still offered in some restaurants of Guangdong province [1].
Earthworms are also consumed by Ye’kuana Amerindians of the Alto Orinoco of Venezuela (Paoletti et al., 2002, private communication). In recent years, some countries in Western Europe and the Southern East have produced various earthworm products such as canned earthworms, mushroom-earthworms and earthworm biscuits and bread. In California, a company composed of several earthworm farms in Northern America held an exhibition and competition on earthworm food in 1975. In some African and South American countries, earthworms are commonly eaten. Owing to the high content and good quality of earthworm protein, the high content of vitamin B and other bioactive substances, it is very likely that earthworms could become an important source of animal protein in human nutrition if other sources become limited.
As early as in the 1940s, Lawrence and Miller reported the nutrient composition of earthworms [2]. Now functional molecules have been refined [3, 4]. But these results showed considerable variability due to variations in these wild earthworm species and little attention was paid to earthworms as a potential protein source. Since the 1970s, some people have evaluated the earthworms as animal feeds; it has been well known that the earthworm contains elevated levels of protein and other nutritive compounds and has a high potential value as livestock feed.
However, the most common uses of earthworms are to treat some diseases in traditional Chinese medical practices. “Earth dragon” in Chinese is the name given to the earthworm or “white neck earthworm,” recorded early in an ancient medicinal book “Shen-nong-ben-cao-jing.” Another famous ancient medicinal book, “Ben-cao-gang-mo,” listed 42 entries relating to earthworms in the 42 volumes about insects and described their medicinal use in detail. Now “earth dragons” used as medicine are mainly two species: Pheretima aspergillum and Allolobophora caliginosa trapezoides. However, besides the two species of earthworm above, the following species are also used as Chinese medical animal materia: Pheretima carnosa, P. medioca, P. hupeiensis, P. posthuma, P. praepinguis, P. tschiliensis, P. tschiliensis lanzhouensis, P. guilleimi, P. vulgaris, P. peetinifera and E. fetida [5]. Besides the medicinal use of whole earthworms, some pharmaceutical ingredients and special active proteins or peptides have been studied in recent years [6].
In the middle of 1980s, a Japanese scientist extracted an enzyme from earthworms that can dissolve thrombi in experimental conditions. This enzyme preparation has been made into an oral medicine by the pharmaceutical industry for use in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in China, Japan and Korea [7]. With the development of modern biochemical science in recent years, great progress has been achieved in the field of research on isolating some active compounds, including small molecular proteins, peptides and amino acids [8].
The section of proteins and nutritive components of earthworm most cited from the paperof Sun et al. [9] on earthworm as a potential protein resource, which was published in not socommonly available journal Ecology of Food and Nutrition (see [9]).
2. Proteins and nutritive components in earthworms
We selected a common cultivated species E. fetida, commercial name “Daping II,” as a standard earthworm for nutritive evaluation [9]. Chemical analysis procedures of earthworm were according to standard methods [10]. T tests and Duncan’s new multiple range test, cited from Steel and Torrie [11], were applied to separate means when treatment effects were significant. Data in Tables 15 represent mean standard deviation (SD). The results of nutrient composition of the earthworms are summarized in Table 1, which also shows some common animal food and feed ingredients. A comparison of the amino acid contents of earthworm meal and casts with that of fishmeal, eggs, cow milk, wheat bran and two kinds of insect is given in Tables 2 and 3.
Feed or food​
DM​
CP​
Fat​
Ash​
Ca​
P​
ME (kcal/g)​
Fresh earthworm (E. fetida)​
15.7 (±1.47)​
11.02 (±0.46)​
1.89 (±0.50)​
1.4 (±0.01)​
0.22 (±0.10)​
0.65​
Earthworm meal (E. fetida)​
90.6 (±2.56)​
54.6 (±0.92)​
7.34 (±0.60)​
21.2 (±0.05)​
1.55 (±0.12)​
2.75​
2.99*
Earthworm casts (E. fetida)​
82.2 (±1.58)​
7.9 (±0.26)​
1.1 (±0.43)​
34.2 (±0.07)​
1.42 (±0.05)​
0.28​
0.95*
Peruvian fish meal​
90.8 (±0.72)​
62.0 (±0.28)​
9.7 (±0.48)​
14.4 (±0.13)​
3.91 (±0.04)​
2.90​
2.90​
Chinese fish meal​
88.5 (±1.81)​
53.9 (±0.09)​
9.3 (±0.48)​
18.9 (±0.12)​
4.59 (±0.09)​
2.15​
2.35​
Cow milk​
12.7 (±0.43)​
3.5 (±0.29)​
3.5 (±0.11)​
0.7 (±0.08)​
0.12 (±0.04)​
0.09​
0.65*
Egg​
26.3 (±0.34)​
12.9 (±0.17)​
11.5 (±0.08)​
1.0 (±0.01)​
0.05 (±0.08)​
0.21​
1.63**
Soybean meal​
88.1 (±1.28)​
43 (±0.70)​
5.4 (±0.13)​
5.9 (±0.08)​
0.32 (±0.11)​
0.50​
2.64​
Corn meal​
86.5 (±0.49)​
8.6 (±0.31)​
3.5 (±0.09)​
1.4 (±0.02)​
0.04 (±0.08)​
0.21​
3.32​
Wheat bran​
82.2 (±1.62)​
14.2 (±0.10)​
2.0 (±0.33)​
4.4 (±0.04)​
0.14 (±0.21)​
1.06​
1.78​
Table 1.
 

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Table 1.
Nutrient composition of earthworm (Eisenia fetida) and some feed and foods.
*Calculated figure [12].
**Food energy.
Data are presented as % (weight/weight on dry matter basis) [9]. DM, dry matter; CP, crude protein; Ca, calcium; P, phosphorus and ME, metabolic energy.
Amino acid​
Earthworm meal​
Earthworm casts​
Peruvian fish meal​
Chinese fish meal​
Hen egg​
Raw cow milk​
Wheat bran​
Thr*
2.72 (±0.09)​
0.46 (±0.01)​
2.88 (±0.28)​
2.22 (±0.24)​
2.42 (±0.06)​
1.20 (±0.08)​
0.45 (±0.038)​
Ser​
2.71 (±0.08)​
0.46 (±0.09)​
2.63 (±0.14)​
2.01 (±0.24)​
3.64 (±0.14)​
1.57 (±0.09)​
0.74 (±0.036)​
Gly​
3.12 (±0.24)​
0.49 (±0.03)​
4.26 (±0.09)​
3.26 (±0.25)​
1.58 (±0.32)​
0.54 (±0.11)​
0.84 (±0.033)​
Cys​
0.42 (±0.10)​
0.09 (±0.03)​
0.56 (±0.18)​
0.42 (±0.22)​
1.16 (±0.20)​
0.22 (±0.09)​
0.33 (±0.028)​
Val*
2.39 (±0.27)​
0.44 (±0.01)​
2.80 (±0.25)​
2.29 (±0.37)​
3.26 (±0.18)​
1.57 (±0.14)​
0.67 (±0.014)​
Met*
1.01 (±0.42)​
0.19 (±0.03)​
1.65 (±0.57)​
1.64 (±0.33)​
1.6 (±0.09)​
0.68 (±0.16)​
0.15 (±0.003)​
Ile*
2.40 (±0.12)​
0.38 (±0.026)​
2.42 (±0.48)​
2.23 (±0.40)​
2.99 (±0.011)​
1.28 (±0.18)​
0.37 (±0.042)​
Leu*
3.94 (±0.15)​
0.78 (±0.034)​
4.28 (±0.22)​
3.85 (±0.19)​
4.20 (±0.10)​
2.58 (±0.15)​
0.80 (±0.042)​
Tyr​
1.73 (±0.08)​
0.24 (±0.42)​
2.12 (±0.26)​
1.63 (±0.12)​
1.98 (±0.24)​
1.28 (±0.017)​
0.52 (±0.042)​
Phe*
2.12 (±0.81)​
0.31 (0.038)​
2.68 (±0.28)​
2.10 (±0.45)​
2.73 (±0.25)​
1.46 (±0.19)​
0.48 (±0.034)​
Lys*
4.26 (±0.50)​
0.68 (±0.033)​
4.35 (±0.34)​
3.64 (±0.27)​
3.32 (±0.22)​
2.11 (±0.20)​
0.47 (±0.017)​
His*
1.36 (±0.24)​
0.12 (±0.014)​
1.66 (±0.21)​
0.90 (±0.32)​
1.16 (±0.23)​
0.72 (±0.25)​
0.35 (±0.002)​
Arg​
3.27 (±0.33)​
0.64 (±0.17)​
3.87 (±0.37)​
3.02 (±0.51)​
2.90 (±0.13)​
0.89 (±0.12)​
0.95 (±0.027)​
Table 2.
Contents of amino acids in earthworm and common feeds and foods [9] (weight/weight on a dry matter basis).
*Essential amino acids for humans.
Amino acid abbreviations used in Tables 29: Ala, alanine; Arg, arginine; Asp, aspartic acid; Cys, cysteine; Gln, glutamine; Glu, glutamic acid; Gly, glycine; His, histidine; Ile, isoleucine; Leu, leucine; Lys, lysine; Met, methionine; Phe, phenylalanine; Pro, proline; Ser, serine; Thr, threonine; Trp, tryptophan; Tyr, tyrosine and Val, valine.
Amino acid​
Kuru body (n=2)​
Kuru gut organsa (n=2)​
Motto body (n=2)​
Motto smoked (n=2)​
Asp​
71.3​
35.5​
62.5​
68.1​
Thr​
34.2​
23.2​
30.1​
32.4​
Ser​
35.8​
18.6​
32.2​
34.8​
Glu​
124​
66.2​
107​
109​
Pro​
26.2​
15.9​
23.2​
23.1​
Gly​
49.4​
28.2​
39.1​
34.2​
Ala​
42.9​
26.6​
37.1​
36.9​
Val​
33.9​
21.4​
31.5​
32.5​
Met​
17.0​
11.2​
14.4​
16.0​
Ile​
33.8​
25.3​
29.6​
30.5​
Leu​
62.0​
34.9​
55.3​
55.4​
Tyr​
21.4​
9.52​
20.2​
19.9​
Phe​
28.9​
18.3​
26.7​
27.3​
His​
18.7​
11.1​
15.8​
14.7​
Lys​
54.2​
32.1​
49.7​
48.5​
Arg​
60.5​
32.9​
55.7​
53.5​
Cys​
7.17​
5.02​
5.81​
5.86​
Trp​
8.23​
5.54​
8.51​
9.64​
Total protein content​
729​
421​
644​
653​
Table 3.
Amino acid content of motto and kuru (mg·g−1 dry weight) [9] (the values reported are the means of two determinations on two different samples).
a:Parts not eaten.
Source: Paoletti etal. [13].
E. fetida wild​
E. fetida cultured​
A. caliginosa
P. guillemi
Protein​
59.11±2.96 (39.9±2.56)​
59.41±2.23 (44.8±1.49)​
49.7±1.71 (31.9±2.95)​
50.11±1.36 (31.22±2.37)​
Lys​
4.17 (3.22)​
4.25 (3.77)​
3.04 (2.05)​
2.86 (1.65)​
Met​
1.13 (0.81)​
0.99 (0.95)​
0.82 (0.50)​
0.75 (0.40)​
Ala​
5.22 (2.94)​
5.39 (2.75)​
3.42 (1.94)​
3.10 (1.83)​
Arg​
4.06 (2.95)​
3.89 (3.26)​
1.42 (1.02)​
3.02 (1.74)​
Cys​
0.73 (0.47)​
0.65 (0.35)​
0.50 (0.30)​
0.61 (0.44)​
Val​
2.89 (2.09)​
3.29 (2.30)​
2.27 (1.25)​
2.08 (1.19)​
Phe​
2.38 (1.60)​
2.46 (1.91)​
1.70 (1.11)​
1.52 (0.89)​
Thr​
3.40 (2.08)​
2.94 (2.66)​
2.18 (1.48)​
2.01 (1.50)​
His​
1.56 (0.85)​
1.74 (1.22)​
0.62 (0.40)​
1.04 (0.62)​
Ile​
2.36 (1.83)​
2.60 (2.10)​
2.03 (1.54)​
1.91 (1.52)​
Table 4.
Contents (% weight/weight on dry matter basis) of protein and amino acids in meal of different earthworm species [9].
Bracket data in parentheses refer to earthworm meal with gut inclusions.
FAA​
Body fluids (g/l)​
Fresh bodies (g/kg)​
FAA​
Body fluids (g/l)​
Fresh bodies (g/kg)​
Asp​
5.9±0.09​
9.2±0.28​
Ile​
4.7±0.11​
4.2±0.38​
Thr​
4.3±0.08​
4.7±0.14​
Leu​
9.4±0.24​
5.3±0.36​
Ser​
3.1±0.33​
4.4±0.08​
Tyr​
3.2±0.22​
4.1±0.32​
Glu​
10.4±0.15​
3.3±0.22​
Phe​
4.2±0.08​
4.9±0.12​
Gly​
2.7±0.42​
4.2±0.19​
Lys​
7.2±0.17​
7.2±0.21​
Ala​
6.0±0.12​
9.0±0.26​
His​
1.8±0.23​
2.9±0.15​
Cys​
/​
0.6±0.09​
Arg​
5.5±0.14​
8.0±0.09​
Val​
5.4±0.10​
6.1±0.08​
Prs​
2.1±0.24​
3.3±0.18​
Met​
3.0±0.09​
2.9±0.17​
Table 5.
Contents of free amino acids (FAA) in body fluids and fresh body of E. fetida [9].

Since Lawrence and Miller first reported the protein content of earthworm in 1945, many nutritional evaluations of the earthworm have been published [1421]. From the literature, it can be concluded that earthworms contain high levels of protein and that this protein is rich in the amino acids, considered essential for food of domesticated animals and humans. However, the protein content varies with the earthworm species and experimental food of earthworms, and the protein contents reported range from 48 to 71% (dry weight basis). E. fetida is a species with relatively high protein content of 58–71% dry weight or about 9.7% of its live weight [1, 17]. Generally speaking, on dry weight basis, earthworm protein contents was from 48% to 71%, the species of E. fetida was 58-71%. On live weight basis, earthworm serous fluid contained only about 9.7% of crude protein. Our results show that the protein content of E. fetida was ca 55% dry weight, which is similar to the results of Fosgate and Babb [22], but lower than those reported in Sabine’s review [23].
Table 4 summarizes the contents of protein and amino acids of four earthworm species, including three wild earthworm species of Allolobophora caliginosa, Pheretima guillemi and E. fetida besides cultivated E. fetida. A comparison of protein and amino acids contents of four earthworm species showed that larger wild species A. caliginosa and P. guillemi was significantly lower than smaller species E. fetida in protein content; but there was no difference of the same species E. fetida in between wild and cultivated. It was found that different protein content among earthworm species was perhaps due to variations in gut inclusions. As mentioned above, why large earthworm species, A. caliginosa and P. guillemi, present lower protein content? It may result from the incomplete excretion of gut contents. If taking longer time for larger species to excrete the gut contents, there may be no significant differences in protein contents between the various species.
The chemical analysis results of earthworm serous fluid, which made of E. fetida by adding proteinase was to hydrolyze into a fluid [24], showed in Table 5. By this method, 78.73 g/l of free amino acid (FAA) was gotten, and more than 90% of the earthworm protein was hydrolyzed into FAA. The hydrolyzed also contained rich minerals, trace elements and vitamins (Table 6).
Element​
mg/l​
Element​
g/l​
Vitamin​
mg/l​
Mn​
3.27±1.01​
Ca​
0.33±0.046​
A​
13.46±0.37​
Zn​
6.90±0.27​
Na​
0.31±0.038​
B1​
54.65±0.80​
Cu​
1.08±0.30​
K​
0.99±0.042​
B2​
83.06±1.05​
Pb​
0.30±0.15​
Fe​
0.33±0.072​
E​
31.64±0.64​
Se​
0.30±0.12​
Mg​
0.11±0.025​
C​
292.00±2.35​
Table 6.
 

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Contents of some elements and vitamins in body fluids of E. fetida [9].

Few reports are available on the protein content of earthworm fluids because earthworms are usually applied as livestock feed in the form of dry earthworm meal. Zou [25] reported that earthworm body fluids contained a range of 7–9% protein.
The results from the literature show that the contents of essential elements, such as copper (Cu), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn), are between one and six times higher in earthworm meal than in soybean meal and fish meal [1, 25, 26]. A similar trend was found in the present study regarding the mineral element contents of earthworm body fluids, which contained three to six times more of most elements than did fish meal and soybean meal (Table 5). Earthworms seem able to tolerate large concentrations of some metals in their tissues, which may be related to specific metal-binding proteins in earthworms [27]. These metal-binding proteins may affect nutrient absorption when earthworms are introduced into feeds and foods; for example, a 90% phosphorus utilization rate from an earthworm-based diet was reported [1].
3. Pharmaceutical and other composition of earthworms
Earthworms contain lumbrofebrine, terrestrolumbrlysin, lumbritin, hypoxanthine and other purines, pyrimidines, choine and guanidine. The fat of earthworm is composed of octade acids, palmitic acids, high-chain unsaturated fatty acids, linear and odd carbon fatty acids, branched fatty acids, phosphatide, cholesterin, etc. The yellow chloragenous cells and organs of Lumbricus terrestris contain rich amounts of carbohydrates, lipids, protein, pigments and some alkaline amino acids. The yellow pigment perhaps consists of riboflavin or its analogues [28].
The tissues of Pheretima spp. contain large amounts of microelements, Zn 59.1 μg/g, Cu 25.4 μg/g, Fe 1735.5 μg/g, Cr 10.93 μg/g, Mo 0.25 μg/g, Ca 1019.2 μg/g and Mn 1143 μg/g [29]. These of Allolobophora caliginosa contain crude protein 57.96%; crude fat 6.53%, crude ash 21.09%, crude fiber 0.36%, and N extract 14.06%. These of Eisenia fetida contain crude protein 64.61%; crude fat 12.29%, crude ash10.16%, crude fiber 0.27%, and N extract 12.67% [24].
The blood and body fluids of L. terrestris contain small concentrations of glucose (0.01–0.05 μg/ml) [30], considerably lipids, including 35.14% neutral fat, 41.74% glucolipid and 23.12% phosphatide. The C-chain of the fatty acid is between 10 and 22°C. The neutral fat consists mainly of laurel acid, oleate, myristic acid and decanoic acid. The fatty acids of glucolipids are decanoic acid and some short-chain fatty acids. The fatty acids of phosphatide are oleate, decanoic acid, linoleate and behenic acids. The proportion of unsaturated fatty acids is higher than that of neutral fatty acids and saccharides [31]. A P-peptide substance exists in the gut wall of L. terrestris [32].
Some active enzymes occur in the yellow chloragenous cells and organs of L. terrestris in high concentrations, including catalase, peroxidase, dismutase, β-D-glucosyl enzyme, alkaline phosphatase, esterase, S-amino-γ-ketoglutaric dehydrogenase and porphyrin synthetase. The body fluids of Eisenia spp. contained at least 18 proteins with molecular weights between 1000 and 95,000 Da [33].
Kaloustain (1986) reported that earthworm species of A. caliginosa contain a protein, which can hydrolyze collagen. Scientists from Japan, China and Korea found and separated enzymes from the earthworm gut and body fluids, which can dissolve fibrin. These enzymes have been developed as innovative medicines to treat cerebral thromboses and myocardial infarction. Wang et al. [34] found and separated a kind of acid antibacterial peptide, tetra decapeptide, which has produced a disease-resistant, nutrient earthworm preparation, that can be used in plant and animal production. Six antimicrobial peptides were isolated and purified from earthworm tissue liquid homogenate and coelomic fluid, which contained 5–50 amino acid (AA) residues with the same or similar sequence of Ala-Met-Val-Ser-Gly, and named the antibacterial Verm peptides family (AVPF) according to their structure and antibacterial characteristics [34].
3.1. Earthworm antibacterial properties and polypeptide characterization
Earthworm’s active protease and functional peptides have wide development prospect as substitution for fortune green medicine and food. An antibacterial peptide is described as following:
A3–4, a antibacterial peptide from earthworm, was carried out by digestive test with pronase E treatment at 37°C for 4h. After polypeptide was disintegrated, and yellow precipitation in the solution and showed antibacterial activities (Table 7).
Treatment​
The diameter of inhibitory ring (mm)​
With pronase E​
1.5​
Normal saline​
0​
Without pronase E​
6​
Table 7.
Effect of pronase E on bacteriostatic activity of the A3-4.

3.2. Spectrum of earthworm antibacterial peptides
Table 8 showed that the diameter of inhibitory ring of Erwinia carotovora is the biggest and inhibitory ring of Xanthomonas campestris as well as E. coli are second; that of Staphylococcus aureuss is the smallest. But A has strong inhibitory effect on S. aureus. With the enhancing purity from A, A3, to A3-4-2, the bacteriostatic activity on various bacteria is depressed except on X. campestris. This shows that earthworm antibacterial peptides have wide antibacterial chart, and there are differences among various bacterial strains in their antibacterial efficiency. A has obvious inhibitory effect on Agrobacterium tumefaciens, which can cause the formation of plant tumor tissue, but A3 and A3-4-2 have no effect on this bacterium.
The diameter of inhibitory ring (mm)​
E. coli
Staphylococcus aureus
Xanthomonas campestris
Erwinia carotovora
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Crude extract (A)​
4.4​
4.3​
4.1​
4.9​
3.8​
A3​
4.3​
3.5​
4.5​
3.3​
–​
A3-4-2​
4.32​
3.21​
4.43​
3.4​
–​
Table 8.
Bacteriostatic activity of worm antibiotics on various bacteria.

3.3. Earthworm antibacterial peptide A3-4-2 amino acid composition
After A3-4-2 was hydrolyzed in HCl and an analysis showed that the peptide is made of 10 kinds of amino acids, of which Glu included Gln (Table 9). The results of alkaline hydrolysis showed that it contained tryptophane. The result suggested that the A3-4-2 is composed of 40 amino acid residues belonging to 11 kinds of amino acids
Residue kind​
Reside numbers​
Residue kind​
Reside numbers​
Asp​
4​
Ile​
/​
Thr​
1​
Leu​
4​
Ser​
1​
Tyr​
/​
Gln​
2​
Glu​
6​
Phe​
/​
Gly​
10​
Lys​
2​
Ala​
8​
His​
/​
Cys​
1​
Trp​
1​
Val​
/​
Arg​
/​
Met​
/​
Pro​
/​
Table 9.
Amino acid composition of earthworm antibacterial peptide A3-4-2.
 

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4. The actual nutritional value of earthworm protein
The nutritional value of protein depends upon its specific amino acid composition. Comparing the amino acid contents of E. fetida reported in our study with those in other reports [1, 15, 23, 24] and with those in Eudrilus eugeniae. Lumbricus rubellus [35, 36], A. caliginosa and P. guillemi [1], there is considerable variability in amino acid contents among the species and even within the same species. Nevertheless, some research suggested that the contents of individual amino acids differ between species by no more than 17% and usually by considerably less [16].
Sabine [23] reviewed the amino acid compositions of earthworm protein reported by five authors, and compared these data with that of two common sources of protein supplements, meat meal and fish meal. Sabine’s results showed that valine, leucine and isoleucine were higher in earthworm meal than in fishmeal, but lower than in meat meal. The methionine content of earthworm meal was close to that of meat meal, but 200% of that in fish meal. Arginine, histidine and phenylalanine contents in earthworm meal were close to those in meat meal and slightly higher than in fishmeal. Threonine, cystine and tryptophan in earthworm meal were significantly higher than in fishmeal and meat meal. Therefore, Sabine suggested that since earthworm protein was high in essential amino acids, including the sulfur-containing amino acids, it should be very suitable for animal feed [23].
In our studies, the contents of EAA (on a dry matter basis) in earthworm meal were close to or slightly lower than those in fishmeal and eggs. The methionine content of our earthworm meal was significantly less than that of fish meal, soybean meal and hen egg (p < 0.05), which contrasts with data in Sabine’s review [23]. The lysine content of our earthworm meal was significantly higher than that of eggs and cow milk (p < 0.05).
From the literature cited and the results from our present study, it can be concluded that E. fetida (especially when cultured) is relatively high in most essential amino acids, compared to those in other common foods and feeds. Biological value and net protein utilization are the two most important parameters used conventionally to evaluate protein quality of feed materials. Some researchers reported a biological value of 84% and a net protein utilization of 79% in a rat growth assay with E. fetida protein. These results were verified in fish and chicken tissues [3739].
Earthworm protein is easily dissolved by enzymes into free amino acids. This suggests that earthworm protein is easily metabolized by animals. Thus, earthworms seem a promising source of protein supplementation not only for animal feed but also for human food.
5. An earthworm protein powder as a functional food
Modern scientific research indicated earthworms also contain some unknown nutrients, which have important physiological activities or functions for human health and body remediation. In December 2012, the Chinese government listed earthworm protein as a new resource of food.
Recently, a new product of earthworm protein powder has been developed. People use the earthworms as the main material, through hydrolysis extraction, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration and spray drying process, then they got the earthworm protein powder. In the powder, there are lots of water-solubility small molecular proteins.
The earthworm protein powder is a light-yellow powder and there are no visible impurities in it. It tastes sweet with a special flavor. The total protein content according to the provisions of the GB/T5009.5-2003 detection method, the minimum protein content is greater than or equal to 75%. The product standard of the earthworm protein powder is given in Table 10.
Materials​
Content​
Total amino acid, g/100g​
≥75​
Thr, g/100g​
≥2.5​
Val, g/100g​
≥5.0​
Met, g/100g​
≥0.8​
Phe, g/100g​
≥4.0​
Ile, g/100g​
≥1.0​
Leu, g/100g​
≥8.0​
Lys, g/100g​
≥7.0​
Fe, mg/kg​
≥200​
Zn, mg/kg​
≥20​
Ca, mg/kg​
≥2.0​
Total numbers of colony, cfu/g​
≤1000​
Escherichia coli, cfu/g​
≤40​
Mould, cfu/g​
≤25​
Microzyme, cfu/g​
≤25​
Salmonella spp.​
0​
Shigella spp.​
0​
Staphylococcus aureus
0​
Hemolytic streptococcus
0​
Table 10.

Product standard of the earthworm protein powder.

6. The safety of earthworms as a protein source
Due to the assimilation of metals from their environment, earthworms often contain elevated levels of metals, including some heavy metals that could be harmful to animals and human beings [40, 41]. However, in experiments with fish and chicken, no significant increases in heavy metals was found in the carcasses of the trial animals fed on earthworms. Earthworm consumption may pose other possible hazards. For instance, it has been suggested that in natural food chains earthworms might carry some parasitic nematodes of chicken and pigs [1]. However, earthworms have not been found to be significant in the natural distribution of parasitic nematodes in chickens or in pigs [42]. Increasing proportions of earthworms and earthworm casts in fish and chicken diets did not produce any significant changes of the organoleptic qualities of the meat produced, although the earthworm meal itself is reported to have a garlic taste. Continuous monitoring of the organic substrates used in vermiculture, as well as of earthworm composition and contamination, will be necessary to safeguard human health, especially where large-scale commercial earthworm production is considered for human consumption.
7. Conclusions
  1. Earthworm (E. fetida) meal has a high protein content of 54.6–59.4% of its dry weight. Its protein content and amino acid composition are close to those of Peru fishmeal and eggs and better than those of Chinese fish meal, cow milk and soybean meal. The crude fat content of earthworm meal was 7.34%. The ash and energy content of earthworm meal are the highest of all the materials tested except for the higher energy content of corn meal.
  2. Earthworm protein is easily hydrolyzed into free amino acids. Earthworm body fluids contain 9.34% protein and 78.73 mg of free amino acids per liter of raw fluid and are rich in vitamins and minerals, particularly iron (Fe).
  3. The protein content of earthworms shows considerable variability between different species and between different experimental treatments in the same species, possibly due to variability in the extent of gut inclusion.
  4. Based on its nutrient content, earthworm could be an excellent raw material source as homology of medicine and food for human use, especially as functional food. A new functional food of earthworm protein powder made of earthworm has been developed in China.
Acknowledgments
The section of proteins and nutritive components of earthworm most cited from the paper of earthworm as a potential protein resource, which was published in Ecology of Food and Nutrition (see [9]).
 

Nich1

Veteran Member
Didn't read the whole thing, so forgive my interjection. The article talks about chickens eating earthworms. Yes, they do...BUT, earthworms are not good for chickens as those worms cause gapeworms in chickens.


From the link:
"Gapeworm infestation can occur either directly by birds eating eggs that have been swallowed or coughed up by infested birds, or indirectly by intermediate hosts such as earthworms or snails."
 

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Freeholder

This too shall pass.
I think they found that drying the earthworms before feeding them to the chickens would prevent the risk of gapeworm.

And we are not eating worms unless things get REALLY, REALLY bad. I've got free-range chickens who are perfectly capable of feeding themselves and still giving us a few eggs. And we have almost-free-range dairy goats. Given the number of cattle on the farms around here, I think my handful of small animals won't be anyone's top priority for raiding. We aren't visible from the main road, and very few people even know we are back here, let alone have any animals. So I'm not too worried about thieves. As long as I can feed the dogs, we'll be okay.

Kathleen
 
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