06/10-11 | Weekend BF: Avian Flu News Tracker

Link to yesterday's thread: http://www.timebomb2000.com/vb/showthread.php?t=200186

Here is an important link...
Johns Hopkins on influenza: http://www.iom.edu/Object.File/Master/33/450/Rashid Chotani.pdf

Bird flu human transmission probable in Indonesia​

http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-06/10/content_4674510.htm

JAKARTA, June 10 (Xinhua) -- Human-to-human transmission of bird flu probably occurred in Indonesia's seven cluster cases, a minister said. But he ruled out a pandemic of H5N1 across the archipelago.

"Limited human-to-human transmission may have occurred in small clusters in the country. It has not only happened in several regions in Indonesia but also in Azerbaijan and other places in the world," Coordinating Minister for the People's Welfare Aburizal Bakrie said Friday after a meeting with agencies involved in curbing the spread of the disease.

Other health officials, contacted separately, were cautious about whether intrahuman transmission had occurred, the Jakarta Post daily reported on Saturday.

Among those in attendance at the meeting were officials from the health and agricultural ministries, World Health Organization, UNICEF, Food and Agriculture Organization and the National Commission on Bird Flu.

Indonesia has 37 fatalities from 50 confirmed human cases of bird flu, second only to Vietnam. Clusters have been identified in Tangerang, Banten, home to two outbreaks; Jakarta; Lampung; West Java (two); and North Sumatra. Poultry infections have been recorded in 29 of 33 provinces.

Although most cases in humans have been linked to contact with infected poultry and health experts believe the virus has maintained its present strain, limited cases of human transmission were suspected in Thailand in 2004.

Experts were puzzled by a seven-member cluster in a small North Sumatra village in May, which led to speculation human-to-human transmission occurred among family members.

A member of the National Commission on Bird Flu, Emil Agustiono,would not confirm Aburizal's statement. "We need to do more research to prove it," he said.

A leading Health Ministry official on bird flu, Hariadi Wibisono, also said the greater danger at present was from H5N1-positive poultry, not intrahuman spread.

"Above all, the public should not be panic but be wary of the threat from infected fowl," he told the Post.

Aburizal emphasized the public should not be worried because itwas not a pandemic, and the transmission of the virus continued to be from poultry.

"There has yet to be a pandemic. The virus strain is still the same and it's still coming from infected poultry."

Intensified efforts to curb its spread would be made, he added, including poultry culls.

Aburizal said he would enforce the 1984 Epidemic Law and the 1967 Infectious Disease Control Law, which stipulate sanctions for people who obstruct the government's endeavors to control a plagueor communicable disease outbreak.

Meanwhile, vice coordinator for Avian Influenza Control Unit atthe Agricultural Ministry, Mastur A.R. Noor, said the office earmarked 30 billion rupiah (3.2 million US dollars) to compensate people whose poultry was culled.

He said his office would cull all poultry within a one-kilometer radius of an infection, estimating about 1,600 to 3,000 fowl birds would be killed within the range.

However, WHO officials could not be reached for comment on Aburizal's comments. A statement on its website reads: "Although at present the virus is not spreading efficiently or sustainably among humans, human-to-human transmission cannot be ruled out."

Here the WSJ site for current news on bird flu...

Avian Flu News Tracker​

Updated regularly with news on avian-flu precautions, research and outbreaks. All times EST.

http://online.wsj.com/public/articl...fcgN3zajns2WY43LVH7E4_20051019.html?mod=blogs

"Enforced" Bird Flu Strain Found in Hungary
​

http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=64781

Politics: 10 June 2006, Saturday.

The European Commission has announced that a H5 highly pathogenic strain of bird flu had been found in a domestic flock of geese in Hungary.

Samples will be sent to the European Union's reference laboratory for avian flu in Weybridge, near London, for further tests to determine whether it is the deadly H5N1 strain.

The Hungarian authorities found the infected flock in Bacs-Kiskun in southern Hungary. Cases of highly pathogenic bird flu were detected in wild birds earlier this year in this county.

The European Union's executive arm said officials have slaughtered all 2,300 geese in the flock and are also culling poultry and ducks within a one kilometre radius of the site in Bacs-Kiskun.

Rigorous control and monitoring of other holdings in the surrounding area is being carried out. A high risk area has been established around the outbreak with a 3 km protection zone and 10 km surveillance zone.

In the protection zone, poultry must be kept indoors and movement of poultry is banned except directly to the slaughter house.

If confirmed, it would be the fifth outbreak of high pathogenic H5N1 avian flu in domestic poultry in a EU member state, following outbreaks in domestic poultry in France, Sweden, Germany and Denmark.

Cases of avian influenza H5N1 have occurred in wild birds in thirteen EU member states.

More than 120 people have died from bird flu since late 2003, most of them in Asia.

H5N1 Mammalian Receptor Binding in Indonesia​

http://www.recombinomics.com/News/06090602/H5N1_Indonesia_Mammalian_RBD.html

Recombinomics Commentary
June 9, 2006

I began research in February-March 2006. This research was sponsored by Tokyo University.

The samples that I tested came from poultry, swine and humans. Of the 100 samples, there were 20 that succeeded in being brought to life and actually 11 of them had the receptor specificity 2.6.

a portion of those samples had the amino acid lysine at number 627 protein PB2, which means that the virus can be stable at the human body temperature.

The above human translation of an interview of Dr CA Nidom from the Avian Influenza Laboratory Tropical Disease Center and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine at Airlangga University, Surabaya. Dr Nidom has previously identified H5N1 in swine in Indonesia, including Tangerang, not far from the residence of the first reported H5N1 cluster in Indonesia.

The current interview raises a number of important questions that are not easily answered with the information above. Additional information indicates that 3 of the 11 isolates with alpha 2,6 specificity also had PB2 E627K. Since alpha 2,6 linkages are found in mammalian upper respiratory tract, it is likely that those 11 isolates with 2,6 specificity were from swine or humans. The only H5N1 from birds that have E627K are in the Qinghai strain. However, all of the human H5N1 isolates described to date are readily distinguished from the Qinghai strain. This can be seen in the phylogenetic tree generated by China's Ministry of Health. It contains data for the first two H5n1 isolated form humans in Indonesia. The first isolate was Indonesia/5/2005, which was from the father in the Tangerang cluster. The second isolate, Indonesia/6/2005, was from a patient who lived in southwest Jakarta and is thought to have been infected by home fertilizer. These two isolates are at opposite sides of the Indonesia branch, which is distinct from the Qinghai isolates, which are from Qinghai and Turkey in the isolates represented on the tree.

All of the other human isolates from Indonesia are similar to the first Indonesian isolate. They have a novel cleavage site, RESRRRKKR, as does a H5N1 from a cat in Jakarta. The samples described by CA Nidom also are from the Jakarta area and the cleavage site does not match the poultry isolates from the region. However, these two named isolates above have been described in WHO updates and there was no mention of the 2.6 receptor specificity.

This difference could be explained by isolation procedures. Isolating human H5N1 in chicken eggs will select against H5N1 with alpha 2,6 specificity. Since the 2.6 linkage is found in the upper respiratory tract of humans, H5N1 with that specificity would be more efficiently transmitted from human-to-human. Indonesia has reported a large number of familial clusters, and most have a gap between disease onset dates of the index case and other family members, strongly suggested that most or all are from human-to-human transmission.

Thus, more detail on the distribution of alpha 2,6 specificity among human and swine isolates, as well as sequence data from these isolates, would be useful.

'Limited' cases of human transmission of bird flu​

http://www.thejakartapost.com/detailheadlines.asp?fileid=20060610.@03&irec=5

Tb. Arie Rukmantara, The Jakarta Post, Jakarta

A minister said Friday human-to-human transmission of bird flu probably occurred in the country's seven cluster cases, but ruled out a pandemic of H5N1 across the archipelago.

"Limited human-to-human transmission may have occurred in small clusters in the country. It has not only happened in several regions in Indonesia but also in Azerbaijan and other places in the world," Coordinating Minister for the People's Welfare Aburizal Bakrie said after a meeting with agencies involved in curbing the spread of the disease.

Other health officials, contacted separately, were cautious about whether intrahuman transmission had occurred.

Among those in attendance at the meeting were officials from the health and agricultural ministries, World Health Organization, UNICEF, Food and Agriculture Organization and the National Commission on Bird Flu.

Indonesia has 37 fatalities from 50 confirmed human cases of bird flu, second only to Vietnam. Clusters have been identified in Tangerang, Banten, home to two outbreaks; Jakarta; Lampung; West Java (two); and North Sumatra. Poultry infections have been recorded in 29 of 33 provinces.

Although most cases in humans have been linked to contact with infected poultry and health experts believe the virus has maintained its present strain, limited cases of human transmission were suspected in Thailand in 2004.

Experts were puzzled by a seven-member cluster in a small North Sumatra village in May, which led to speculation human-to-human transmission occurred among family members.

A member of the National Commission on Bird Flu, Emil Agustiono, would not confirm Aburizal's statement.

"We need to do more research to prove it," he told The Jakarta Post.

A leading Health Ministry official on bird flu, Hariadi Wibisono, also said the greater danger at present was from H5N1-positive poultry, not intrahuman spread.

"Above all, the public should not panic but be wary of the threat from infected fowl," he told the Post.

Aburizal emphasized the public should not be worried because it was not a pandemic, and the transmission of the virus continued to be from poultry.

"There has yet to be a pandemic. The virus strain is still the same and it's still coming from infected poultry."

Intensified efforts to curb its spread would be made, he added, including poultry culls.

Aburizal said he would enforce the 1984 Epidemic Law and the 1967 Infectious Disease Control Law, which stipulate sanctions for people who obstruct the government's endeavors to control a plague or communicable disease outbreak.

The vice coordinator for Avian Influenza Control Unit at the Agricultural Ministry, Mastur A.R. Noor, said the office earmarked Rp 30 billion to compensate people whose poultry was culled.

He said his office would cull all poultry within a one-kilometer radius of an infection, estimating about 1,600 to 3,000 fowl birds would be killed within the range.

WHO officials could not be reached for comment on Aburizal's comments; a statement on its website reads: "although at present the virus is not spreading efficiently or sustainably among humans, human-to-human transmission cannot be ruled out."

Indonesia probably first to report human-spread bird flu​

Posted on : 2006-06-10 | Author : Thomas Blythe
News Category : World

JAKARTA: The first instances of human-to-human bird flu transmission probably occurred in Indonesia, according to a minister of the archipelago nation.

Aburizal Bakrie, coordinating minister for people's welfare, said yesterday that the seven cluster cases of H5N1 positive reported last month included the first cases of human-to-human transmission. The minister was speaking at a meeting to announce a nationwide campaign to prevent an outbreak and prepare for a pandemic.

Attendees at the meeting included representatives of the WHO, UNICEF, Food and Agriculture Organization and officials from the National Commission on Bird Flu and health and agricultural ministries. Other officials did not agree with Bakrie's statement and offered a more careful assessment of the situation.

With 50 confirmed cases of H5N1 and 37 deaths from it, Indonesia is second only to Vietnam which reported the highest number of cases. A few cases have been identified in some Indonesian provinces and regions such as Banten, Tangerang, Lampung, North Sumatra, West Java and Jakarta. Poultry infections were detected in 29 of its 33 provinces.

The government swung into action last month prompted by a report about a 7-member family in a North Sumatra village. All the members of the family showed similar symptoms which triggered fears about a human-to-human transmission pandemic. It was the single largest incident that indicated possibility of human-to-human chain of infection.

Emil Agustiono, representing the National Commission on Bird Flu said Aburizal's statement cannot be confirmed without adequate research. Hariadi Wibisono, an official of the health ministry said Indonesia faced a bigger threat from infected poultry not human-to-human transmission.

It is believed that the human cases could allow the H5N1 strain virus to mutate into a more deadly form and spread more rapidly.

Aburizal said his office planned to cull all poultry within one kilometer radius of the area believed to be infected. He would also enforce the 1984 Epidemic Law and the 1967 Infectious Disease Control Law, which meant anybody trying to stop officials from killing their chicken would be dealt with strictly.

http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/7097.html#

H5N1 Recombination in Novosibirsk Russia​

http://www.recombinomics.com/News/06100601/H5N1_Novosibirsk_Recombination.html

Recombinomics Commentary
June 10, 2006

A report from members of Vector Labs in Novosibirsk, Russia have described the initial detection of H5N1 bird flu in the region around Chany Lake in southern Siberia last summer (see dynamic map). This outbreak indicated that the H5N1 Qinghai strain identified at Qinghai Lake in China in the spring of 2005 was migrating via wild waterfowl over long distances.

The movement into the Chany Lake region was important because it is located at the intersection of several flyways which link southern Siberia to Asia, including the Indian subcontinent as well as Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. The outbreak at Chany Lake led to a major geographical expansion of H5N1

The characteristic Qinghai strain was subsequently identified in many countries that had never reported the Asia version of H5N1. Some of these isolates can be seen in the phylogenetic tree, which shows the Qinghai branch including isolates from Astrakhan, Italy, Nigeria.

The isolates that were wildly spread are in the middle region of the Qinghai branch. The extremes of the branch are represented by a goose from Krasnoozerskoye and a red head from Dovolonye. Both of these isolates were from 2005 and these two locations are in southeastern Novosibirsk and are separated by 60 km.

The close geographical location of the two most divergent Qinghai isolates suggests the emergent strains, which were then dispersed from the region arose via recombination with the divergent strains which were co-circulating in this region. The sequences of the two divergent isolates have not been made public, but these two isolates likely contain the polymorphisms required to generate the dominant strain that emerged in 2005,

Recent outbreaks of H5N1 in the region forecast more diversity in 2006 as H5N1 from Qinghai Province migrate into the region to mix with Qinghai strains flying in from Africa, the Middle East, and Europe.

The new recombinants will be significantly different from the H5N1 version seeded in Europe the Middle East, and Africa, and the early detection of H5N1 in the region around Chany Lake is cause for concern..

Predictions of these new recombinants can be made with a robust database, including the new H5N1 infections that are currently being reported in several provinces in southern Siberia. Release of these sequences, including the divergent H5N1 sequences from the summer of 2005 would be useful.

H5N1 evolution is driven by recombination is predictable if the appropriate parental sequences are known.

,..

Pandemic flu victims face GP surgery ban​

By Judith Duffy, Health Correspondent


DOCTORS could be forced to ban pandemic flu patients from their surgeries under new guidelines issued by the Royal College of General Practitioners (RCGP) and the British Medical Association (BMA).

The first UK-wide advice for GPs on infection control in the event of a major influenza outbreak outlines how larger practices might be expected to arrange dedicated teams to treat suspected cases, with separate “flu routes” to ensure they do not come into contact with other patients.

However, it advises that smaller practices, with only one entrance, might have to close their doors to flu patients and have notices indicating alternative places where they could be treated.

Patients could also be asked to wait in their cars until the time of their appointment to minimise contact in waiting rooms. Strict cleaning procedures will have to be employed with soft furnishings, magazines, books and toys being removed .

Doctors are also being urged to consider stockpiling supplies such as masks, tissues and aprons in their surgeries in preparation for a potential flu pandemic.

Earlier this year, the Sunday Herald revealed GPs’ concerns that practices could be inundated by patients in the event of an influenza pandemic and collapse under the demand. In a motion to the BMA’s annual conference of Scottish local medical committees in April, Tayside GP Dr Andrew Buist called on ministers to clarify their pandemic plans as a “matter of urgency”.

Chairwoman of the RCGP in Scotland Dr Mairi Scott said the guidance was the first major piece of detailed advice to start doctors thinking about what preparations they might need to undertake. However, she added that, though the advice was useful, it was not known what form of pandemic GPs might face. “I think it will reassure them [GPs], but who knows what is going to happen ,” she said. “GPs are good at coping with the unpredictable – that’s what it is like in primary care general practice as the first point of contact. Anything can walk through the door.”

The guidelines also contain a detailed checklist of additional supplies that GPs might require to minimise the spread of flu, such as disposable gloves, alcohol wipes, liquid soap and tissues.

While it states that some reserves might be held by health boards or at a national level, it adds: “In the absence of further guidance, practices could consider stockpiling at least 50% of their estimated total pandemic needs.”

The advice has been issued amid fears that the deadly strain of avian flu, H5N1, responsible for more than 100 human deaths worldwide so far, will trigger a global outbreak. In April, a dead swan washed up at Cellardyke in Fife was the first bird in the UK found to be infected with H5N1, although no new cases have been discovered since.

Health minister Andy Kerr acknowledged that effective planning for a flu pandemic required the involvement of primary care providers, such as GPs and local pharmacies. He said: “That is why NHS boards are taking full account of primary care needs in their local planning, and why the Executive has not only been talking to primary care planners at board level, but also talking directly to the Scottish GPs committee.”

11 June 2006

http://www.sundayherald.com/56172

Age Distribution of Human H5N1 Cases​

30 May 2006

An analysis of demographic data published by WHO shows the following age distribution of human H5N1 influenza cases (n=176): 50% of cases were 17 years or younger; 75% of cases were 29 years or younger; 90% of cases were 37 years or younger. Most patients were born after 1968.

http://www.influenzareport.com/ir/figures/ad060530.htm

PCViking said:

Pandemic flu victims face GP surgery ban​

By Judith Duffy, Health Correspondent


DOCTORS could be forced to ban pandemic flu patients from their surgeries under new guidelines issued by the Royal College of General Practitioners (RCGP) and the British Medical Association (BMA).

The first UK-wide advice for GPs on infection control in the event of a major influenza outbreak outlines how larger practices might be expected to arrange dedicated teams to treat suspected cases, with separate “flu routes” to ensure they do not come into contact with other patients.

However, it advises that smaller practices, with only one entrance, might have to close their doors to flu patients and have notices indicating alternative places where they could be treated.

Patients could also be asked to wait in their cars until the time of their appointment to minimise contact in waiting rooms. Strict cleaning procedures will have to be employed with soft furnishings, magazines, books and toys being removed .

Doctors are also being urged to consider stockpiling supplies such as masks, tissues and aprons in their surgeries in preparation for a potential flu pandemic.

Earlier this year, the Sunday Herald revealed GPs’ concerns that practices could be inundated by patients in the event of an influenza pandemic and collapse under the demand. In a motion to the BMA’s annual conference of Scottish local medical committees in April, Tayside GP Dr Andrew Buist called on ministers to clarify their pandemic plans as a “matter of urgency”.

Chairwoman of the RCGP in Scotland Dr Mairi Scott said the guidance was the first major piece of detailed advice to start doctors thinking about what preparations they might need to undertake. However, she added that, though the advice was useful, it was not known what form of pandemic GPs might face. “I think it will reassure them [GPs], but who knows what is going to happen ,” she said. “GPs are good at coping with the unpredictable – that’s what it is like in primary care general practice as the first point of contact. Anything can walk through the door.”

The guidelines also contain a detailed checklist of additional supplies that GPs might require to minimise the spread of flu, such as disposable gloves, alcohol wipes, liquid soap and tissues.

While it states that some reserves might be held by health boards or at a national level, it adds: “In the absence of further guidance, practices could consider stockpiling at least 50% of their estimated total pandemic needs.”

The advice has been issued amid fears that the deadly strain of avian flu, H5N1, responsible for more than 100 human deaths worldwide so far, will trigger a global outbreak. In April, a dead swan washed up at Cellardyke in Fife was the first bird in the UK found to be infected with H5N1, although no new cases have been discovered since.

Health minister Andy Kerr acknowledged that effective planning for a flu pandemic required the involvement of primary care providers, such as GPs and local pharmacies. He said: “That is why NHS boards are taking full account of primary care needs in their local planning, and why the Executive has not only been talking to primary care planners at board level, but also talking directly to the Scottish GPs committee.”

11 June 2006

http://www.sundayherald.com/56172

Click to expand...

what a bunch of idiots.

So, you wait in your car, get whisked into a consulting room, where you cough and splutter over everything and everyone, for 15 minutes.... but miraculously when you walk out, its okay for the next poor sod to go in there, coz its been made squeeky clean with a fairy wand?

WHEN are they going to get it through their thick heads that waiting and consulting rooms are THE most likely places to catch ANYTHING and get sick.

Moral of story, stay away from doctors rooms, hospitals, outpatient clinics... anywhere like that, because its the easiest and best way to get sick even without a bird flu around.

Indonesia Country Report Added To 2nd Bird Flu Summit In Washington DC, June 28th & 29th​

http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/medicalnews.php?newsid=44757&nfid=crss

Main Category: Bird Flu / Avian Flu News
Article Date: 11 Jun 2006 - 3:00am (PDT)
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New-Fields Exhibitions today announced Dr. Sardikin Giriputro, Hospital Deputy Head, Sulianto Saroso Hospital for Infectious Diseases, and Dr. Hariadi Wibisono, Director of Vector-Borne Diseases Control Program Division of Indonesia will be providing up-to-date presentations on the status of the current human cases of Avian Influenza.

“This is a tremendously important time for this issue,” remarked Samir Farajallah, President and CEO of New-Fields Exhibitions. “Given the new development in Indonesia and the sudden jump in human Avian Influenza, now more than ever it is critical to work together on this global threat.

Dr. Giriputro's and Dr. Wibisono's presentations will be pivotal in helping to understand the current situation in Indonesia.”

Indonesia's Ministry of Health recently confirmed 6 new cases of human Avian Influenza. 3 of these cases were fatal. These newly confirmed cases bring the cumulative total in Indonesia to 48.Of these cases, 36 were fatal.

Since the first historic Bird Flu Summit, held in Washington, DC in February, the confirmed number of human cases of avian influenza has reached 218 worldwide; 57% of those cases were fatal.

In addition to featuring speakers from around the world including country reports from Egypt, Indonesia, Turkey,and Russia; the 2nd Bird Flu Summit will also be featuring addresses from key experts such as the Department of Homeland Security's Special Assistant to the Under Secretary for Preparedness, Robert Zitz.

The conference will also be hosting many other government, business and international officials eager to continue to the networking and preparedness planning that has been on-going since the international rise in Avian Flu cases.

The first conference was received with great success featuring keynote speakers: Dr. David Nabarro - U.N. System Senior Coordinator for Avian Influenza; and Koos Van der Velden - Chairman, European Influenza Surveillance Scheme. The second conference is set to exceed expectations, carrying forward the momentum that was created in the first conference and with which is critical for collaborative preparedness planning and partnerships.

Other topics include

-- Country Report and Situation Updates
-- Surveillance and Data Management
-- Preparing Communities Strategies
-- Local Partnership and Participation
-- Vaccine Delivery, Emergency Response
-- Hospital/Health Care Coordination, and much more.

To obtain further information about the conference, please contact the Washington DC office at 202.536.5000 or visit us at http://www.new-fields.com.

WHO Releases Updated Draft of Its Pandemic Influenza Protocol for Rapid Response and Containment

On May 30, 2006, the World Health Organization (WHO) issued an updated version of the WHO Pandemic Influenza Draft Protocol for Rapid Response and Containment. This is the third version of the WHO’s containment plan, which was first issued on January 27, 2006. A second draft was subsequently published on March 17, 2006. The latest version reflects the deliberations of a group of 70 international experts and WHO staff, which met from March 6-8, 2006.

The latest draft contains additional language regarding epidemiological and virological triggers for initiating rapid containment. For example, the new draft considers “two generations of transmission in a health care facility” and “laboratory confirmation of H5N1 infection in at least one” healthcare worker important factors for initiating containment. The new draft provides guidelines for managing cases and infection control in healthcare settings.

The draft outlines operational details for use and storage of the global antiviral stockpile, which contains 3 million treatment courses of Tamiflu® (oseltamivir) donated by F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd (Roche). The global antiviral stockpile is maintained by Roche with 1.5 million treatment courses stored in Switzerland and 1.5 million courses in the United States. Under the draft plan, WHO will authorize Roche to deploy the global stockpile to a requesting country after a decision has been made to launch a containment operation. Roche is responsible for the delivery of the stockpile to WHO at the international airport nearest to the location where the stockpile is to be deployed.

Because of the limited supplies in the stockpile, WHO is recommending “a ‘multiple-wave’ approach for the deployment of drugs from the stockpile,” wherein sufficient quantities of antiviral drugs are shipped to cover a two-week period “during which intensive monitoring for new signals outside the containment zone will be undertaken.” Under the draft plan, “the quantity of drugs initially required should be calculated to cater for treatment courses sufficient to treat 25% of the population and prophylactic courses for 10 days for the remaining 75% of the population in the containment zone,” with further shipment of antiviral drugs contingent on the success of containment efforts.

The draft plan includes a flow chart for influenza response and containment operations; planning, preparedness, and reporting guidelines for the global antiviral stockpile; a SOP for requesting and distributing the global antiviral stockpile; and a list of roles and responsibilities of countries and WHO in rapid response and containment.


Source: Emai newsletter from Univ of Pgh Biosecurity Brieifing

Link to tomorrows (6/12) Bird Flu thread: http://www.timebomb2000.com/vb/showthread.php?t=200501