The price of crude oil is set by movements on the three major international petroleum exchanges, all of which have their own Web sites featuring information about oil prices. They are the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX,
http://www.nymex.com), the International Petroleum Exchange in London (IPE,
http://www.ipe.uk.com) and the Singapore International Monetary Exchange (SIMEX,
http://www.simex.com.sg).
http://business.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,8209-1257188,00.html
SPECIAL REPORT
Speculators hijack oil market
September 12, 2004
Prices have been forced up unnecessarily as investment banks and hedge funds join the ‘black gold rush’. Robert Winnett reports:
A LARGE WAREHOUSE in Amsterdam may seem an unusual place to attract the City’s top traders and hedge funds. But, in the past few months, Morgan Stanley has been accumulating warehouse space in the Netherlands to store its hottest new property — oil.
This and the tankers that have been hired by the investment bank illustrate just how important oil is now becoming in the City of London and Wall Street.
Morgan Stanley may be among the most advanced of the new breed of oil speculators, but, over the past year, many banks and hedge funds have joined the “black gold rush”. With the stock market proving lacklustre, the oil market has been a godsend for the banks, which describe it as the “new Nasdaq”.
Speculators have helped to drive oil prices to near record levels — peaking at almost $50 a barrel last month. Oil is the talk of the City with many millions of pounds being made every day, and oil traders are among the most sought-after employees.
“If you can spell derivative, you can earn six figures, and anyone who can navigate his way round the oil market is offered $1m just to sign a contract,” said one trading executive.
There have traditionally been two distinct oil markets. The first is the futures markets in London and New York that trade the right to buy oil at a predetermined point in the future. About one-sixth of all oil is sold this way, although most contracts are traded and then lapse without oil changing hands.
This “paper” market, the main stamping ground for speculators, acts as a benchmark for the price of oil in the second market — crude bought direct from oil companies.
If prices on the futures market rise too far above the so-called physical market, oil users such as airlines and petrol dealers pull out, so prices fall. If prices on the futures market are lower than in the physical market, the users pile in, pushing up prices.
However, this traditional equilibrium has been rocked by short-term speculators dipping in and out of the futures market. This has led to sharp rises in the price and far more volatility.
Meanwhile, banks such as Morgan Stanley are also beginning to move into the physical market to buy oil — or even entire oilfields.
Morgan Stanley recently won the contract to supply fuel to United Airlines, and Goldman Sachs recently bought 10m barrels of oil.
A senior oil company executive said: “Even within this firm, the mechanics of the market are not widely understood. When oil prices go up, everyone talks about fundamentals and geopolitics, but the role of speculators and banks is now very significant.”
In the City, Barclays, Morgan Stanley and Goldman Sachs are leading the charge into oil but, in addition, several secretive hedge funds are now wagering hundreds of millions of dollars every day in the oil market and reaping the dividends. Over the past few months, ABN Amro has also built up an oil-trading team.
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The International Energy Authority, an intergovernmental organisation, recently criticised the role of speculators. They have also been attacked by French and American government ministers. Alan Greenspan, chairman of America’s Federal Reserve Board, said that speculators had caused oil prices to “surge”.
A secret analysis of the market carried out by a big European oil company recently found that speculators were adding between $7 and $8 — or between 15% and 20% — to the price of a barrel of oil.
This month, rocketing petrol prices forced Gordon Brown, the chancellor, to delay a proposed increase in fuel duty.
A senior executive at one oil firm said: “This is the hottest oil market I have ever seen. There has been a massive increase in hedge-fund activity. And what we call non-commercial interests (those who do not use oil for their business) has doubled recently.
“A lot of new banks are coming in and all the speculation is very disruptive.”
Much of the trading by hedge funds has been driven by sophisticated computer-trading models. The models, known as “black boxes”, use complicated formulas to determine trades for a hedge fund.
Over the past few years, a number of hedge funds have added the oil markets to their trading systems as the price of oil tends to rise sharply after periods of strong economic growth. Hedge-fund insiders therefore say that oil is an excellent short-term bet.
The sharp rises and falls in the market over the past month are symptomatic of such computer-generated trading. Prices rose sharply to almost $50 a barrel, at which point the computers kicked in to automatically sell huge positions.
Last week, the computer trading models kicked in again to cause the biggest daily fall in oil prices for three months — a drop of 4% to $42.81 a barrel.
Jeffrey Currie, head of commodities research at Goldman Sachs said: “The number of speculators is typically correlated with high economic growth. They work off macro-economic trading models.
“Equities are anticipatory assets — you buy them when you expect the economy to do well — but commodities such as oil are spot assets that you buy when the economy has done well.”
Man Group’s AHL hedge fund and Aspect Capital Management are two of the London-based funds that have moved heavily into oil.
Stephen Butler, an oil expert at Aspect, said: “We are one of the biggest in Europe and have built up our exposure over the past 18 months. We probably have up to $250m (£140m) exposure a day on the London and New York markets.
“Our trading is determined by computer so we don’t have the emotional factor. It has worked well on the energy markets and has been one of our best-performing sectors.”
But apart from the short-term speculators, the investment banks have also identified a looming “oil crunch”, which has encouraged them to move aggressively into the market.
Goldman Sachs calculates that for the first time this year demand for oil will outstrip the world’s capacity to refine and distribute it.
Benoit de Vitry, head of commodities at Barclays Capital, said: “The oil system has cracked. There is a lack of refinery and distribution capacity. The spare capacity is now down to 1m barrels a day. People are not worried about having their meal on the table today, but fears are growing about the future.”
According to Goldman Sachs, the capacity of oil tankers and oil refineries has been dropping since the early 1980s because of a lack of investment, and the crunch will come this year. Since 1983, real spending on exploration and production of energy has fallen by 49.5%. To build the extra infrastructure that is required will take years, possibly more than a decade, to complete.
The International Energy Agency forecasts that over the next 30 years the energy industry globally will require $16,000 billion in new investment to catch up — and it is not clear where this money will come from.
Apart from the oft-quoted, short-term oil price, there is also a lesser-known market in long-term oil futures — the right to buy oil in five years’ time. This has traditionally been a rather staid market, and the price of a barrel of oil in the long-term market has been around $20 for most of the past 20 years. However, over the past 18 months, the price has rocketed to $35 a barrel as the speculators have moved in.
The bleak, long-term outlook for oil prices is also why banks have begun to buy up oil supplies directly. Morgan Stanley and Deutsche bank recently bought the rights to 36m barrels of oil between 2007 and 2010 direct from a North Sea oilfield.
